tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-39456839823702927422024-03-20T02:34:43.222-07:00那个见不得人的人/U-Know-WhoMeng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.comBlogger25125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-86205643365401667472017-12-28T20:40:00.004-08:002017-12-28T20:40:42.069-08:00CDC博物馆游记<div id="img-content" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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中午老板赐饭,之后本想搭校车回lab科研。然而校车司机在我面前停下之后,又堂而皇之地开走了。一怒之下我便步行2.5个mile,来到了亚特兰大唯一的一个联邦机构总部:美国疾病预防与控制中心克里夫顿路园区。我原计划在这个小小的博物馆里面转上一个多小时便回去搬砖,谁知道一不小心就一直呆到了闭馆。</div>
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该馆面积很小,但是布展技术非常专业,因此信息量非常大。即便如此,还是可以看出CDC完全是把这个博物馆当成“疾控系统光荣历史陈列馆”来建设的。这真是暴殄天物,它本可以被建成世界上最好的公共卫生博物馆,乃至公共卫生主题公园的!人类进二百年来的公共卫生历史的重大事件中,没有一半也得有三分之一与CDC这个二战之后才出现的年轻机构有各种各样的联系。你提到公共卫生的发展历程,能绕开艾滋病么?能绕开禁烟吗?能绕开埃博拉/马尔堡吗?能绕开军团病吗?能绕开消除天花吗?这些故事都有CDC的一个视角。然而目前的展览,像是提出一个关键词,然后懂的人自然懂,不懂的人估计也是两眼一抹黑。我希望它的展览面积扩大为目前的三到五倍,然而讨论的话题压缩到目前的三分之二,这样的话能够把美国公共卫生的故事讲得相当清楚了。</div>
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CDC这样一个单位,几十年来一直非常激进地介入别国的公共卫生事务。这让我感觉非常不舒服:一国的国家安全完全把握在他国手中,这还有什么主权可言?然而公共卫生又是关乎基本人权的事业,某些第三世界国家(我这里就不点名了,你们自己心里清楚)确实没有资源,乃至没有决心去建立自己的公共卫生,你CDC不帮人家建的话迟早出现人道主义危机和疫病大流行危机,因而一国的公共卫生问题乃是全球问题,CDC代劳也是无奈之举。我们可以想象,CDC在这里面也渔利不少:不仅积攒了大量的实践经验和科学数据,也有了新临床技术的实验场。目前Emory大学在做的一个Ebola疫苗项目,而CDC之前在西非就有一些同类疫苗的试验性接种了。</div>
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但我不是指责CDC违背医学伦理。相反,这样其实是互利共赢的。我们可以说CDC在塞拉利昂设立实验室是居心叵测,但谁又能指责他们野战医院的条件都不如却处理BSL-4样品的Bo中心实验室在疫情巅峰的21天里舍命检测了2700多疑似Ebola样品?我只是嫉妒,我希望中国的公共卫生专家也能在国际舞台上扮演重要角色,也能输出智慧和技能。这是我们走向负责任的大国、强国的必经之路。</div>
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CDC违背医学伦理的事情也不是没做过。这学期伦理课我们讨论了Tuskegee梅毒实验事件。我听说这件事的时候震惊到不敢相信,我以为是他们把时间搞错了。通过诱骗的手段进行人体实验历史上并不鲜见,731部队犯下的罪行比这个更加令人发指。然而Tuskegee事件到1972年才结束,这时候不仅是纽伦堡规则提出之后,甚至美国民权运动都已经取得胜利了,居然还有这种事情。有一次我在MegaBus上遇到一位黑人老先生,我们讨论了双方的少数族裔问题,我提到Tuskegee事件的时候这位老先生一度哽咽,差点要哭出来了。(然而这位老先生对华工、排华法案一无所知,还以为华人在美国一直以来都是社会经济地位相当高的少数族裔,我为他进行了科普。)</div>
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在美国总统道歉以后,CDC能够正视历史,在博物馆里专门设立一个不起眼的展板,这也是一种进步吧。</div>
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下面是Ebola临时展的一些图片</div>
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CDC下设机构Viral Special Pathogens Branch在塞拉利昂Bo地区临时设立了一座一线实验室。这一实验室完全是临时搭建的的,下图的牌子即是处理BSL-4样品的核心实验室的门牌。</div>
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该实验室的平面图。该图是供当时在CDC总部受训的技术人员使用的。</div>
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工作人员在这个实验室工作的照片:来自CDC网站。</div>
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Bo Lab的RTPCR核酸高通量提取装置。</div>
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CDC专家绘制的塞拉利昂Magazine Wharf地区一个cluster的infection chain。</div>
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青岛澳柯玛生产的ArkTek被动制冷式疫苗容器,之前已经有很多媒体报道了,这次近距离接触到这个展品。这一设备正在改变非洲公共卫生事业的面貌。</div>
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Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-68988250357711368332017-09-10T15:27:00.004-07:002017-09-10T15:27:59.267-07:00谢宇老师关于中国Gini系数的PNAS文章<div id="img-content" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #888888; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">(题图:https://www.economist.com/news/china/21570749-gini-out-bottle)</span></div>
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最近开学之后深陷作业的泥潭不能自拔……我选了一位中国工程院(外籍)院士的可持续发展课程,上课就在白板上配平燃烧反应的化学方程式,以及算各种单位换算(误),然后作业题里面让我们名词解释什么是自由主义、什么是民主……</div>
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其中一题让我们说明美国和何种程度上是平均主义的,何种程度上不是平均主义的。我想拿收入不平等来做例证,就查了一下美国的Gini系数,于是找到了谢宇老师的这篇旧文。这个文章当时出来的时候引起了广泛的、热烈的讨论,不过我和他们专业隔了太多,就没有找来看。正好刚刚收到通知后天因为刮飓风全校停课,due自然就后推了,我就读了一下这个文章,发现居然非常通俗。</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3945683982370292742" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>记得2013年我在北大上研究生马克思主义与当代中国课,有一讲是社会学系的一位老师给我们讲中国基尼系数的问题。那个时候谢宇老师(和他在UMich的合作者)的文章还没见刊,但是他讲的基本观点倒是和本文非常重合。</div>
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这篇文章说了这么几件事情:</div>
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中国的Gini系数究竟是多少?</div>
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题图来自对华并不友好的The Economist,它2013年初引用的官方数据,说2012年中国的Gini系数是0.474,不过它也说有很多人怀疑这个数据。</div>
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国家统计局在2000年中断了Gini系数的提供,到2013年突然又提供了历年的数据。这个数据被很多人批评,认为有很严重的偏差。谢宇等人在本文中称,数据偏差的原因包括政治上的以及现实上的复杂困难,所以他也不信。13年那节课上老师引用了一个西南财大的报告,那份报告上对Gini系数的估计高达恐怖的0.611,该老师认为他们的方法有一定偏差。谢宇等人认为这个报告是促使统计局重新公布Gini系数的原因。</div>
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然后,本文作者从几份社会调查研究的结果中分析了中国近年来实际的Gini系数变化是怎样的。他们的数据源包括统计局的1%人口抽样调查(2004)、人大的中国综合社会调查(CGSS10/12),和北大的中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS10/12),双鸭山大学的一份调查(2012)和那份西南财大调查(2011)。(这里面CFPS的数据在2016年又帮我赢得一台iPad mini 2,主要感谢队友。)他们的结论是,以2012年为例,这几年的购买平价的Gini系数大概在0.515-0.531之间,不算那个西财的离群值(0.588)的话。</div>
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综合联合国大学的研究(UNU-WIDER)、国家统计局的数据等,他们绘制了这样一张图:</div>
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红线是他们用LOESS方法做的回归结果,蓝线是美国的LOESS回归结果。</div>
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从这个图上可以看出,国家统计局的趋势和若干份社会调查研究表现出的趋势并不一致。</div>
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2. 中国的Gini系数是不是在倒U型发展通道中?</div>
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所谓倒U型趋势也是2013年那节课上讲过的内容。意思就是,随着社会经济的发展,收入不平等会出现一个先上升再下降的过程。这是Kuznets于1955年提出的一个发展经济学理论。这一部分他们分析了倒U型趋势问题,但我觉得他们的计量工具用的不太漂亮。</div>
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他们首先从CIA World Factbook上查到世界各国1995-2012年间的人均GDP(购买力平价)和Gini系数,并以人均GDP为对数横坐标,Gini系数为纵坐标描绘出来,最后再用关于人均GPD的对数的二次函数去拟合Gini系数,发现果然是一个上凸的图像。我就不明白这个二次函数的函数原型他们是如何选择的,感到无语。</div>
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在这张图上重叠放置上面那张图,得到的效果就是这样的:</div>
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可以看到,中国和美国现在都处在拟合曲线的上方。只是中国有一个恐怖的overshoot趋势。但我觉得这个图的问题在于,经济发展毕竟是主观能动的,不是决定论的,所以外推无意义——但是我见到这张图就忍不住脑补外推是什么样的。灰度预测也只是一个合理化的猜测,并不保证效果。我想,一个改进的办法是只看发达经济体的历史数据,把横坐标换成历史人均GDP占现在人均GDP的比例,可能更有说明力一些——不过我不知道发展经济学上是不是有什么标准化的方法。</div>
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3. Gini系数的影响因素探讨和中美差异比较</div>
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他们说先从社会调查中抽提出了一系列反应地区、城乡类型、受教育程度、种族/民族和家庭结构的变量,然后对这些类别分别建立了对于家庭人均收入的线性回归模型:</div>
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其中Yi是第i个家庭的人均年收入,Xi是自变量,β是系数向量,εi是残差。</div>
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他们用各组R^2来表征该因素对总体趋势的贡献,这个指标成为“双边R^2”。看起来是非常朴素的思想。</div>
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可以看到,在美国,地区和城乡与家庭人均收入的回归优度是很差的,而中国这两个因素非常显著。美国单亲家庭的导致了家庭结构在收入不平等上起到了重要作用,而中国的影响却不大。</div>
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他们又用全部指标对人均收入做了一个多元回归,并每次剔除上面的一类指标,计算残余的R^2值。他们把这个称为部分R^2,并用这个指标进行鲁棒性的分析,发现依然反映了上述结果。</div>
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最后,谢宇等人分析,改革开放以来中国的收入不平等急剧增长。中国人认为经济发展必然伴随收入不平等的扩大,以及随着经济的进一步发展,收入不平等将会减小这样的说法不仅是历史的经验,也有社会学规律的作用。</div>
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我的一个反思就是,本文利用的数据都是公开的,没有自己做田野研究。我甚至有其中CFPS的授权。他们的统计手段也不见得高端,要让我还原他们的代码也似乎并不难,SPSS的话都不用写代码。我读这个文章的时候就有一种读数学建模比赛优秀论文的体验。</div>
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我们常说谁拥有了数据谁就拥有了一切。但是真的把数据拿手上,就开始考验学术视角了。</div>
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Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-20059184517821061362017-04-16T20:49:00.001-07:002017-04-16T20:49:19.206-07:00燕园生灵其三:家燕<div style="font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 11.0pt; margin: 0in;">
一</div>
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从演化的角度看,人类文明的历史曾不能以一瞬。但在这短短数千年间,智人这一个物种对于生物圈和生物多样性的影响却相当显著。这种人与生物圈的相互作用为人类的生存和发展提供了充分的条件,也改变了其他物种的遗传特性和行为规律。这样的例子不胜枚举。</div>
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<span lang="zh-CN">今天我们讲到的“家燕”就是这样一个和人类活动紧密相关的动物。它的学名是</span><span lang="zh-CN" style="font-style: italic;">Hirundo rustica</span><span lang="zh-CN">,同样是由分类学祖师爷卡尔·冯·林奈(Carl
von Linné)亲自命名的。这个属名的来源有两种说法,一说来自拟声词</span><span lang="en-US">hirrio</span><span lang="zh-CN">,因为叫声而得名;另一说来自</span><span lang="en-US">harundo</span><span lang="zh-CN">,意为苇草或长矛,因其尾羽形状得名。至于家燕的种加词</span><span lang="en-US" style="font-style: italic;">rustica</span><span lang="zh-CN">,则是乡村的意思。</span></div>
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家燕的形象已经比较深入人心了,在这里我无需过多描写。不过值得注意的是,家燕也并不是儿童画上简单的黑白两色,而由于个体差异会呈现不同的蓝黑色背部,且前胸,下颔也往往有栗红色的羽毛。其最具特征性的便是它分叉的尾羽了。常和家燕混淆的是金腰燕,后者的鉴别依据是颜色更加鲜艳的腹部,和胸前的纵纹。</div>
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二</div>
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<span lang="zh-CN" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;">让我们首先从家燕的名字谈起。我们是说到这种动物在世界各地都有出现,那么不同地区的人们是怎样称呼这一物种的?家燕拉丁文学名的种加词</span><span lang="en-US" style="font-family: 微软雅黑; font-style: italic;">rustica</span><span lang="zh-CN" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;">,是乡村的意思,和英语词</span><span lang="en-US" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;">rural</span><span lang="zh-CN" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;">有相同的渊源。在英语中,它叫</span><span lang="en-US" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;">barn swallow</span><span lang="zh-CN" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;">,有人说是因为它们在谷仓筑巢的行为而得名的。在法语中,它叫</span><span lang="en-US" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;">h</span><span lang="zh-CN" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;">irondelle de
cheminée,壁炉燕。在德语中它叫</span><span lang="en-US" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;">Rauchschwalbe</span><span lang="zh-CN" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;">,</span><span lang="en-US" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;">Rauch-</span><span lang="zh-CN" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;">是烟雾的词根。维基百科说,在过去的几个世纪里,“烟燕”一直在墙壁的缝隙中进进出出,穿梭在炉火的烟雾中。一本</span><span lang="en-US" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;">1777</span><span lang="zh-CN" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;">年的《年轻人的自然科学》(Naturlehre für die Jugend: Zweyter Band</span><span lang="en-US" style="font-family: Arial;">,</span><span lang="en-US" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;"> bei </span><span lang="zh-CN" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;">Johann Jacob
Ebert</span><span lang="en-US" style="font-family: Arial;">,</span><span lang="en-US" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;"> 1777</span><span lang="zh-CN" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;">)上解释道,叫这个名字的原因是家燕会在厨房和烟囱处筑巢。</span></div>
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有什么鸟比“燕”更深入的渗透进中国人的文化传统中了。“燕”是一个象形字,其字形上可追溯到甲骨文:</div>
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这里其分叉的尾羽被十分鲜明的用文字描绘出来。到了小篆,燕的形象便更加抽象也更加接近当今的字形了(图片来自国际电脑汉字及异体字知识库,“中央研究院”)。</div>
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早在《诗经》中,燕的形象就已经出现了。</div>
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燕燕于飞,差池其羽。之子于归,远送于野。瞻望弗及,泣涕如雨。</div>
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燕燕于飞,颉之颃之。之子于归,远于将之。瞻望弗及,伫立以泣。</div>
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燕燕于飞,下上其音。之子于归,远送于南。瞻望弗及,实劳我心。</div>
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仲氏任只,其心塞渊。终温且惠,淑慎其身。先君之思,以勖寡人。</div>
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——《诗经·邶风·燕燕》</div>
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自此,燕这个意象就贯穿了中国文学史。有王谢堂前世态冷暖的燕,有春日里忙着啄新泥的燕,还有落花时节双飞虐狗的燕。</div>
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梁上有双燕,翩翩雄与雌。衔泥两椽间,一巢生四儿。四儿日夜长,索食声孜孜。青虫不易捕,黄口无饱期。觜爪虽欲敝,心力不知疲。须臾十来往,犹恐巢中饥。辛勤三十日,母瘦雏渐肥。喃喃教言语,一一刷毛衣。一旦羽翼成,引上庭树枝。举翅不回顾,随风四散飞。雌雄空中鸣,声尽呼不归。却入空巢里,啁啾终夜悲。燕燕尔勿悲,尔当返自思。思尔为雏日,高飞背母时。当时父母念,今日尔应知。</div>
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——白居易,《燕诗》</div>
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白乐天则对燕的育雏过程大发慨叹,讲了一个伦理的寓言。但不知有没有人注意到,这首诗中对于育雏过程的观察倒是和现代生态学家的繁殖生态学研究具有非常重合的视角!</div>
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在物候方面,我国积累了较为完整的家燕迁徙时间物候记录,目前仍能查到很多相关的论文。在考古方面,著名的“马踏飞燕”铜像踏的究竟是什么鸟目前仍有争议。另一个有意思的是一种两千多年前的“桌游”:“乌尔王族局戏”。根据大英博物馆对于一块巴比伦石板的译读,发现这个桌游里面有一个角色就是家燕。</div>
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家燕和人类的相互作用远不止文化意义上。对家燕来说,人类的住宅为它们提供了理想的筑巢场所。我经常听曾在农村生活的同学讲述燕子的故事。一般在中国农村,燕子在家中筑巢是被视为非常吉祥的事情,这一家人也都会保护燕子的巢。燕子有恋巢的习性,来年迁徙回来还有可能会回到同一处地点筑巢。</div>
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但是由于农村住房的升级,新楼房没有燕子筑巢的条件,伴随当地燕子的数量锐减。这种人与自然的矛盾,发展与生态的矛盾如何解决,大概要靠我们这代人的创造力和聪明才智吧!</div>
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三</div>
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家燕在北大并不算罕见,但出现的频率远远比不上另一种“燕”——雨燕科的普通楼燕。我在北大并没有观察到家燕筑巢的现象,但是我早先在南开大学的时候,曾见过几只家燕在校园里面筑巢育雏。</div>
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<span lang="zh-CN" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;">家燕是圆明园的常见鸟类,但在北大,“家燕仅在夏末秋初出现大群, 这可能与园内缺乏家燕喜好的营巢场所和开阔觅食地有关。”</span><span lang="en-US" style="font-family: Arial;">[</span><span lang="zh-CN" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;">闻丞等,北京大学燕园鸟类组成,北京大学学报(自然科学版),</span><span lang="en-US" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;">2014:50(3), 416-428]</span><span lang="zh-CN" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;">。</span></div>
Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-45511715718364486862017-04-05T15:34:00.002-07:002017-04-05T15:41:35.189-07:00燕园生灵专栏其二:普通楼燕<h1>
一</h1>
按照日历的排班表,这个物种叫本来叫“北京雨燕”。这种在整个亚欧大陆温带地区都不太罕见的鸟非常幸运的从分类学祖师爷瑞典人卡尔·冯·林奈(Karl von Linnaeus)那里获得了自己的学名:<em>Apus apus</em>。1758年,成为林奈双名法之蓝本的《自然系统》一书,记录了普通楼燕的名字。<br />
普通楼燕有两个亚种。其中林奈描述的现被称为欧洲亚种 <em>A. apus apus</em>。而另一个亚种则牵扯到另一个和中国渊源深厚的英国博物学家Robert Swinhoe(常译为郇和)。我们对这个帝国主义侵略者兼优秀的博物学家怀着复杂的感情,但必须承认在中国(“现代”)鸟类学研究的历史上,他扮演了极为重要的角色。普通楼燕北京亚种 <em>A. apus pekinensis</em> 就是他在1870年发表的,其模式标本采集于北京。<br />
普通楼燕和我国常见的白腰雨燕 <em>A. pacificus</em> 同属雨燕属,该属和因为燕窝而遭受厄运的金丝燕同属雨燕科(Apodidae)。在上级的分类单位有些小的争议,有雨燕目(Apodiformes)和夜鹰目(Caprimulgiformes)两种观点。2014年年底,<em>Science</em> 上发表了划时代的基于全基因组分析的鸟类演化树工作(E. D. Jarvis, et al. <strong>Science</strong> 346.6215: 1320.),他们对北美的雨燕科动物烟囱(褐)雨燕 <em>Chaetura pelagica</em> 的测序结果表明,雨燕科在演化上的近亲实际上是<strong>蜂鸟</strong>,而夜鹰和它们二者具有共同的祖先,与其同被归为夜鹰目。<br />
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<img alt="图X:普通楼燕的相关类群。图中没有展示全部物种和分类阶元,各分支未必单系,仅作说明使用。" height="225" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MengXiangxi/eBird-Statistics/master/Apus/Apus_phylogenetic.png" width="400" /></div>
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图1:普通楼燕的相关类群。图中没有展示全部物种和分类阶元,各分支未必单系,仅作说明使用。</center>
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普通楼燕是一种擅长飞行的鸟,一般是在空中观察到,因而难以分辨它的细节。当看到一群翼展修长的鸟以优雅的姿态疾速飞过,配合很容易分辨的高频叫声,就能准确无误的识别出这种城市中并不罕见的夏候鸟。一般观察飞行的普通楼燕也就只能看出一个剪影来,再仔细分辨一下可以看到分叉的尾羽——这大概是它名字里面带有“燕”的原因之一。据说北京风筝的最经典形状——沙燕儿,就是取自普通楼燕的形状,从剪影看来还真颇有几分相似。<br />
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<img alt="图X:普通楼燕的剪影。" height="266" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MengXiangxi/eBird-Statistics/master/Apus/Apus_silhouette.gif" width="400" /></div>
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图2:普通楼燕的剪影。根据<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-SA-2.0</a> 修改自Wikimedia,原始文件来自<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/7686882@N08/4560391937/" target="_blank">Flickr</a> ,本图像以相同证书共享。</center>
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关于普通楼燕不得不指出的是,它们的有特殊的爪,为了适应攀缘而特化成四趾全向前的前趾足形式。一般认为正是这种足型导致了雨燕无法直接从地面起飞,而只有攀附在垂直的壁面上才能正常飞行。普通楼燕和白腰雨燕的鉴别方法,一方面是白腰雨燕的体型要大一些,另一方面是白腰雨燕常能在腰间看到白斑,而普通楼燕一般只有头部是白色的。<br />
<h1 id="-2">
二</h1>
普通楼燕是擅长飞行的鸟类。它们飞行姿态优雅,飞行速度极快,但是最令人印象深刻的是他们的长距离迁徙。<br />
在北京,每年这个季节普通楼燕突然开始出现,继而很快成为一种常见的物种。到了盛夏时节,这种鸟却突然从北京的天空中消失,直到来年春天再次出现。这段时间北京的普通楼燕去了哪里?<br />
我前不久在美国亚特兰大市Emory大学图书馆里找到了一本1933年前后该校学生做的候鸟记录,其中详细记载了约150种候鸟在Emory附近春秋两季的最早和最晚的记录日期。这本由三位后来均成为科学家的本科生和一位当地的观鸟老手共同编写的名录中并没有普通楼燕的记录,但如果这样的名录能覆盖全球,我们的问题就能以在一定程度上得到解答。这愿望自然是不现实的,但好在我们有数据库的帮助。<br />
eBird是奥杜邦协会和康奈尔大学共同建立的观鸟记录数据库,任何人都可以建立账号上传他们在全球范围内的观鸟记录。这些记录将会经过计算机和专家的审核并存储在服务器中,任何人都可以获取这些信息。有人告诉我eBird上目前的数据量大约是2.5亿条。有这些“大数据”的支持,我们就可以在全球范围内搜索普通楼燕了。<br />
我首先把eBird数据库中跨度八十多年的观鸟数据中,所有出现过普通楼燕记录的地点绘制在地图上。这个样子基本和鸟类学家绘制的普通楼燕分布范围图一致——实际上从Wiki上找到的这张图问题也很多,但大体上是差不多的。eBird的最大弱点是,那些观鸟活动开展多的地方,比如欧洲,会有很密集的记录。但国内,特别是中西部地区,以及俄罗斯远东地区、印度北部、撒哈拉地区等人口稀少、观鸟活动开展不多的地方,数据就非常少了,甚至还有大片的区域完全没有提交过观鸟记录。<br />
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<img alt="图X:eBird上的普通楼燕分布范围与维基百科上分布范围的比较。" height="325" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MengXiangxi/eBird-Statistics/master/Apus/Adist.png" width="640" /></div>
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图3:eBird上的普通楼燕分布范围与维基百科上分布范围的比较</center>
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下一步就要像Emory的观鸟少年一样,对数据做时间尺度的分析。我首先按季节把记录分成了四组,用不同的颜色绘制出来。<br />
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<img alt="图X:不同季节普通楼燕的分布。" height="640" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MengXiangxi/eBird-Statistics/master/Apus/Adist_season.png" width="640" /></div>
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图4:不同季节普通楼燕的分布</center>
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这张图像显示,在北京的春夏季节,普通楼燕会出现在欧洲、中东一直到中国的华北地区。而北京的秋冬季节,普通楼燕会向非洲大陆迁徙。至此我们发现,普通楼燕的越冬地,可能在南半球。但我们还不确定它们迁徙的具体过程。为了详细了解这一过程,我们可以把时间的分辨率调高。于是我制作了这张按月分布的动图。<br />
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<img alt="图X:不同月份普通楼燕的分布。" height="640" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MengXiangxi/eBird-Statistics/master/Apus/Adist_gif.gif" width="640" /></div>
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图5:不同月份普通楼燕的分布</center>
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这张图显示,在二三月间,普通楼燕会出现在地中海沿岸、中东地区以至于南欧。到了四月,中国和除了北欧以外的欧洲大部就都出现了普通楼燕的身影。五月到七月之间,普通楼燕的活动范围遍及整个欧洲和东北亚、中亚地区,同时撒哈拉以南的非洲几乎没有记录。八月间,亚洲和欧洲普通楼燕的记录变得稀少,东非重又出现了普通楼燕记录。九月,中亚和东亚已经没有记录了。十月开始到一月,记录又多出现在撒哈拉以南的非洲地区,特别是观鸟记录比较丰富的南非。<br />
鸟种记录的变化给了我们普通楼燕迁徙路线的一些线索,但是还有太多问题是我们不清楚的。能否像化学里的单分子研究那样,聚焦单一动物个体的行为,而不是群体的总体行为呢?传统上,我们依靠环志工作来获取这方面的信息。幸运的是,一种新技术的出现可以使我们更高效的追踪一只鸟的飞行轨迹,那就是光学位置传感器。这种传感器最小的不到一克,一般的也只有几克。它可以被固定在鸟类身上,在鸟类飞行过程中探测光照的变化,从而确定日夜长度,进而应用特殊的算法确定所处的经度和纬度。<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="图X: 固定了光学位置传感器的普通楼燕。Terry Townshend拍摄。" height="300" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MengXiangxi/eBird-Statistics/master/Apus/Swift_with_geolocator.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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图6:固定了光学位置传感器的普通楼燕。Terry Townshend拍摄。</center>
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这种技术已经率先应用于普通楼燕欧洲亚种的研究当中。今年一篇文章(L.B. Jacobsen, et al. <strong>Animal Biotelemetry</strong> 5.1:4)介绍了2010年前后丹麦科学家对于三种鸟类的跟踪数据,其中就包括普通楼燕。本文采用开放获取模式,数据可供下载,于是我摘取了一只典型普通楼燕的迁徙路线绘制出来。另一篇早先的研究(S. Åkesson, et al.<strong>PLoS One</strong> 7.7:e41195.)也给出了相似的结果。<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="图X:文献报道的普通楼燕从欧洲开始的迁徙路线。" height="640" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MengXiangxi/eBird-Statistics/master/Apus_reanalysis/Apus_apus_track.gif" width="640" /></div>
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图7:文献报道的普通楼燕从欧洲开始的迁徙路线。数据通过<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">CC-BY-4.0</a> 协议获取,原文引用如图所示。</center>
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这只普通楼燕进入几内亚湾后有些数据异常,所以我删除了一部分数据。另外在刚果盆地附近过冬时,怀疑是传感器信号不甚稳定,造成纬度偏差较大,因此我删除了2011年2-4月的全部数据。这究竟是探测器失灵,还是普通楼燕的独特迁徙行为,我还不清楚。<br />
从数据中可以看出,2010年7月-10月,这只普通楼燕欧洲亚种沿着非洲西部,跨越几内亚湾达到撒哈拉以南的刚果盆地附近,并在此越冬。来年5月则回到了出发地尼徳兰地区。<br />
到这里,我们还是没有完整的回答一开始提出的问题,那就是北京的普通楼燕到底迁徙去了什么地方?这个问题曾困扰人们多年,直到2015年,北京观鸟会等单位合作进行的“北京雨燕项目”取得初步成果之时,答案才初步揭晓。<a href="http://www.jiemian.com/article/1085322.html" target="_blank">一篇在我朋友圈中刷屏的文章</a>介绍了很多相关的信息。这一项目的重要意义不仅在于跨国、跨地区的合作科研,更在于提高当地公众对于鸟类研究的参与度,进而提高公众对本土鸟类的保护意识。<br />
该项目的地点选在了颐和园廓如亭,因为普通楼燕有依恋旧巢址的习性,当年在此地安装探测器的鸟,次年还很有可能回到原地。项目开始的2014年,工作人员在颐和园安装了31个定位器。2015年雨燕回来后,他们回收到了其中13个。<br />
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<img alt="图X:工作人员释放安装定位器的普通楼燕。左图中可以看到普通楼燕背后的传感器,右图中可以看到普通楼燕白色喉部的典型特征。Zhang Weimin拍摄。" height="213" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MengXiangxi/eBird-Statistics/master/Apus/release_swift.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<center>
图8:工作人员释放安装定位器的普通楼燕。左图中可以看到普通楼燕背后的传感器,右图中可以看到普通楼燕白色喉部的典型特征。Zhang Weimin拍摄。</center>
</blockquote>
这组数据让我们对普通楼燕北京亚种(或者我们更喜欢称其为北京雨燕)的迁徙过程有了更加深刻的认识。初步的数据中,我们可以看到,普通楼燕北京亚种从北京出发后,沿着蒙古高原-天山山脉附近-中亚地区画出一个漂亮的弧线,并从波斯湾附近穿越阿拉伯半岛进入非洲大陆。这时候有的鸟还会在里海附近逗留。在之前关于欧洲亚种的研究中,中东地区的数据很少,结合eBird的迁徙趋势来看这里的普通楼燕很可能是北京亚种为主。经过红海后,这些普通楼燕分成了两拨:一部分在更靠近地中海的撒哈拉沙漠停留,另一部分在撒哈拉沙漠以南的刚果盆地附近停留。<br />
接下来一段时间数据的质量不太好,具体原因我还不清楚。但随后这些普通楼燕的记录就出现在了非洲西海岸和南非高原附近。接下来它们在南非停留了很久,可以想见是在越“冬”。突然又到了迁徙的季节,这群鸟从东非开始沿着相差不多的路径再画了一个大弧线,次第回到了我们熟悉的城市——北京。<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="图X:北京雨燕项目的初步数据。由 Lyndon Kearsley 提供。" height="520" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MengXiangxi/eBird-Statistics/master/Apus/Apus_movie.gif" width="640" /></div>
<blockquote>
<center>
图9:北京雨燕项目的初步数据。由 Lyndon Kearsley 提供。</center>
</blockquote>
这一数据和eBird观鸟记录的月度变化数据结合起来,就使我们对普通雨燕的迁徙过程有了更深入的认识。这个过程中,我们见证了技术的革命对于鸟类研究的重要促进作用,也看到了公民科学家对于海量科学数据聚沙成塔式的贡献。通过这些工作,我们认识到普通楼燕迁徙过程中一些有趣的事实:<br />
<ol>
<li>欧洲亚种和北京亚种的迁徙轨迹明显不同,但它们的越冬地却都是非洲南部。</li>
<li>虽然同一亚种不同个体开始迁徙的时间并不同步,但他们的迁徙路线较为近似。</li>
<li>北半球夏季时,同一个体有很大几率在同一地点出现(并被重捕)。</li>
<li>向南迁徙的过程一般要比向北迁徙的过程历时更久。</li>
<li>普通楼燕在非洲越冬时间比在北半球的时间要长。</li>
<li>在所有利用地理位置传感器的研究中,总有一段时间信号出现奇怪的特征,且这种情况发生的位置靠近赤道——这正是非洲观鸟数据十分缺乏的地区。这段时间究竟发生了什么,可能还需要专家的分析或者更详细的研究。</li>
</ol>
至此,普通楼燕去了哪里似乎已经比较清楚了。但关于这个神奇的物种,还有很多我们不了解的。去年年底刚刚见刊的一篇Current Biology文章(A. Hedenström, et al. <strong>Current Biology</strong> 26.22: 3066.),发现普通楼燕在迁徙过程中,个别个体甚至可以10个月不落地!因此我们也不难理解为什么早先的环志工作没能得到清晰的普通楼燕迁徙信息——它们根本就不落地,人类如何回收环志呢?也多亏了公众参与的观鸟数据库与地理位置传感器的研究,才能使我们更深入的认识鸟类迁徙规律。<br />
<h1 id="-3">
三</h1>
我本科在南开大学能看到大量的普通楼燕。据说南开大学八里台校区附近的复康路立交桥是南开区普通楼燕的大本营,这些鸟类经常结成大群出现在附近的南开大学和水上公园。<br />
在北大,普通楼燕仍然是观鸟记录中非常稳定的一项。根据闻丞等人的《北京大学燕园鸟类组成》(闻丞 等,<strong>北京大学学报(自然科学版)</strong>,50.3: 416),普通楼燕是燕园鸟类调查中平均遇见率第五高的鸟类,且在4-7月为优势种。夏季在静园以北到红湖一带,每到早晚都会看到大群的雨燕上下翻飞,听到呕哑嘲哳之声此起彼伏。它们以轻快的速度盘旋在天空中,不时钻进燕园古建筑的构件之中。<br />
<h1 id="bonus">
Bonus</h1>
这一段无关普通楼燕,但我在搜集资料过程中看到了eBird所在的康奈尔鸟类学实验室发表的一篇利用eBird数据研究鸟类迁徙的工作非常具有启发性(F. La Sorte, et al. <strong>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</strong> 283.1382:10.1098/rspb.2015.2588 )。他们研究的情况比普通楼燕要简单得多——他们研究的是在美洲大陆进行周期迁徙的鸟类。之所以说这种情况比普通楼燕简单,一方面是因为这里几乎不存在普通楼燕这样空间跨度极大的两支分流的情形,另一方面是因为几乎整个美洲大陆的观鸟数据都足够充分。<br />
他们在自己的网站上展示了118种鸟类迁徙路径的动画。图中每个圆点代表一种鸟类的“分布重心”。更严谨的说,他们把一年当中每日的观鸟记录离散化的表示在GIS网格之中,构成了时间-空间维度的数据集。再用GAMLSS模型对这个数据集进行拟合,得到一条三维空间中的曲线。圆点就是这条曲线在空间坐标上的投影点。利用这样一个聪明的技巧,他们将美洲候鸟的迁徙规律清楚的可视化了出来。<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="图X:康奈尔鸟类学实验室绘制的美洲鸟类迁徙路径。" height="640" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MengXiangxi/eBird-Statistics/master/Apus/eBird_gamlss.gif" width="640" /></div>
<blockquote>
<br />
<center>
图10:康奈尔鸟类学实验室绘制的美洲鸟类迁徙路径。经作者允许,复制自 <a href="https://www.allaboutbirds.org/mesmerizing-migration-watch-118-bird-species-migrate-across-a-map-of-the-western-hemisphere/" target="_blank">All About Birds </a> 网站。</center>
</blockquote>
看了这篇工作我的体会是,在数据科学水平突飞猛进的今天,高质量的公众科学数据将会对科学本身的发展带来新的机遇。如果你已经准备好推动人类对自然认知的极限,那么请积极的向公众科学数据库贡献你高质量的观测记录。Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-49388798545213212542017-03-19T19:59:00.002-07:002017-03-19T20:16:14.063-07:00远东山雀与环形种<h3>
<br />一</h3>
远东山雀(<i>Parus minor</i>)是雀形目山雀科山雀属的鸟类。远东山雀和我们已经或即将介绍的沼泽山雀、黄腹山雀同属山雀属(亦有分类系统依据分子证据和单系群原则将沼泽山雀归入Poecile高山山雀属,将黄腹山雀归入<i>Periparus</i>煤山雀属[1]),而与大家喜闻乐见的长尾山雀科的银喉长尾山雀分属不同的科。分子证据证实,山雀科和长尾山雀科的亲缘关系倒是很近[2]。<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO9kdXlCbonApquOqGfxJLIGTHuM5JmkxGSPaUhn7F94r10doKIj4Bf54-GHnqljx5Jx8HgzpFaq2_edr6UxyYVpG4enC6_r3djLv3LOhJf10SQfUBgDcbjqBZSIi_Zed0GN3tn-Mw1g6k/s1600/1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO9kdXlCbonApquOqGfxJLIGTHuM5JmkxGSPaUhn7F94r10doKIj4Bf54-GHnqljx5Jx8HgzpFaq2_edr6UxyYVpG4enC6_r3djLv3LOhJf10SQfUBgDcbjqBZSIi_Zed0GN3tn-Mw1g6k/s320/1.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">图1:几种山雀和相关鸟类的系统发育。改编自参考文献[2]。学名和该参考文献保持一致。</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
远东山雀个头比树麻雀还要小,但是和沼泽山雀、黄腹山雀等比起来又略大。远东山雀特征性的配色是黑-白-绿。第一个令人印象深刻的特征是它脸颊的大白斑,这是远东山雀和大山雀(<i>P. major</i>)共有的特点。这块白斑之外,远东山雀的头是黑色的。有时可以看到远东山雀的绿色后背,但也有的个体后背颜色不甚明显。它的飞羽颜色斑驳。远东山雀最重要的鉴别特点是它的“拉链”——《北京鸟类志》描述:“上胸及腹部白色,中央贯以宽阔的黑色纵斑带。”[3]这个特征非常明显其稳定,一眼就可以将它同沼泽山雀区分开。经验丰富的观鸟者可以通过这条拉链粗略推测远东山雀的性别,因为雌鸟的拉链一般略窄。除了拉链,腹部基本是白色的。<br />
<br />
<h3>
二</h3>
2015年11月1日,我第一次在eBird数据库上报道了我在燕园内的鸟类观测记录。但不久之后,我却被eBird的志愿者告知记录有问题。原来,在eBird使用的Clements分类系统中,我们常见的乌鸫普通亚种<i>Turdus merula mandarinus</i>被提升为种<i>T. mandarinus</i>,而大山雀的东北亚种<i>Parus major minor</i>被提升成了<i>P. minor</i>种,其中文名就是远东山雀,英文名是Japanese tit。<br />
<br />
这是我第一次知道,我们常见的“大山雀”其实并不是大山雀。就这样在北京随处可见的普通鸟类,它的身份居然一直存在争议。它是一个种还是一个亚种?它应该归入什么类别?本文遵循主流分类系统的认识,承认<i>P. minor</i>种的地位,下面将简单介绍这个认识在我国是如何演进的。<br />
<br />
我国传统的鸟类分类学主流观点将这种鸟认作是大山雀<i>P. major</i>的亚种。我国鸟类学的前辈大师郑作新先生在不同历史时期编写过几套反映中国鸟类分类认识的巨著。在1958年的《中国鸟类系统检索》[4]及其1964第二版[5]中,<i>P. major</i>包含七个亚种,现在这些亚种很多被归入了现代分类系统中的<i>P. minor</i>之下。我们今天讨论的山雀被作者归为<i>P. major artatus</i>。在2002年的第三版中,<i>P. major</i>只有北方亚种有所微调,所调整的亚种对应于现代分类系统中的<i>P. major</i>[6]。<br />
<br />
然而在其它一些鸟类文献中,我们经常看到旧体系中对于该鸟的另一个称呼,<i>P. major minor</i>,也就是认为这种鸟是在大山雀(<i>P. major</i>)这个种下面的<i>minor</i>亚种。在郑先生1987年的著作《中国鸟类区系纲要(英文版)》中,有一条脚注引起了我的注意[7]。这条脚注引用了一篇1950年的法文文献,声称<i>P. major artatus</i>“可能是”('may be')<i>P. major minor</i>的异名[8]。赵正阶先生的《中国鸟类志》对这一异名问题有很详细的讨论[9]。原来<i>P. major artatus</i>是由美国人根据湖北宜昌采集到的标本定名的。在发表该亚种的文章中,原作者将其与<i>P. major minor</i>进行了详细的形态对比,说明二者是不同的亚种[10]。而那篇法文的文章则声称<i>P. major artatus</i>只是<i>P. major minor</i>的同物异名[8]。而郑作新后来的著作中似乎误读了原文,他把<i>P. major artatus</i>当作了正式名,而<i>P. major minor</i>却成为了异名[11,12],而且他仍坚持使用前者作为亚种的名称。受他的影响,国内多将这个亚种的名字称为<i>P. major artatus</i>,而国际同行则多称为<i>P. major minor</i>。<br />
<br />
所以在熟识这种鸟多年以后,我仍按照观鸟前辈们的习惯,称它为“大山雀”也不足为怪了。虽然中文互联网上的资料仍然在几个亚种之间纠结,国内的业余观鸟者倒是越来越接受“远东山雀”这个新名字了。现在,国际和国内的鸟类学者、观鸟爱好者的共识是,“远东山雀”不应该被视作<i>P. major</i>的一个亚种,而应该被作为独立的种。这种认识上的变化是怎么来的?正如很多分类学上的变动一样,最简单的答案是:新的分子(遗传学)证据表明……<br />
<br />
自达尔文以来,演化生物学家就一直面临着一个困难,那就是如何定义种。搞不清这个问题,种的起源和演化就缺乏一个清晰的逻辑框架。一类广为流行的种的界定标准基于“生殖隔离”,把基因交换和有性繁殖作为界定种的关键标准。这种定义取得了很大的成功,但也有一定问题,比如对无性生殖的物种就不太适用。因此还有人以基因差异和演化为核心构建种的概念。[13]<br />
<br />
环形种的问题,也是生殖隔离类物种定义遇到的一个困难。下面是一个完全虚构的例子:2015年我们在北大本部发现并命名了一种仅存在于燕园的动物<i>Phallus parvusia</i> Peiyangii,简称DXP。虽然这个DXP种群丰富了燕园的智商多样性,但是为了保护其它本土种,我们将一部分DXP逐出了燕园,只剩个别残余。这群背井离乡的DXP只好四处迁徙扩散,主要向两个方向:一部分向五道口东扩,另一部分往颐和园北扩。DXP移动能力很差,繁殖一代它们的分布范围只能扩散几米。在已经有DXP分布的地方,邻近的DXP种群自然是可以相互交配繁殖的。很多代之后,东扩的DXP分布范围遍及东升乡,而北扩DXP的分布范围也跨越了中关村北大街。终于,两路本是同根生的DXP在清华园里会面了。这时候它们发现,东路和北路两支DXP虽然都分布在同一个清华园中,但他们之间却不能繁殖出可育的后代!<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI8kq72RXgkaMgOM1ILa1WD0jxzKevmG1nwgUFZyhqewVUijpv40qtTIl3xyTyGMRko9Tpz_6oeoz7njZFkeLQrV8dEVeCEOnjG8C50DZry21dQN8aMINt57g9BSi7rRCz45r6UgfDpxJG/s1600/2.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI8kq72RXgkaMgOM1ILa1WD0jxzKevmG1nwgUFZyhqewVUijpv40qtTIl3xyTyGMRko9Tpz_6oeoz7njZFkeLQrV8dEVeCEOnjG8C50DZry21dQN8aMINt57g9BSi7rRCz45r6UgfDpxJG/s400/2.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">图2:Phallus parvusia分布与扩散(假想图)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
至此,我们是否可以说这两种DXP已经不是一个种了?似乎是可以的,因为它们毕竟已经产生了生殖隔离。似乎又是不行的,因为这两种DXP之间虽不能杂交,但仍可以通过上图中绿箭头的方向发生间接的遗传物质交流。<br />
<br />
这种情况在自然界中并不鲜见,这就是所谓的环形种。基因交流的通道在地理空间上几乎构成了一个环——只是在接触区出现了缺口。早在1905年,Stanford大学的David Starr Jordan就在<i>Science</i>上发文提出了环形种在地里隔离与新种产生方面的重要意义[14]。从此,环形种的研究成为了演化生物学和分类学中的一个热点议题。<br />
<br />
远东山雀的分类学困难,看似是形态学上的混乱,但其本源实际上就是这种基因多样性谜题。在我根据eBird数据库中记录所绘制的山雀属部分种的分布图上看,<i>P. major</i>、<i>P. minor</i>加上<i>P. cinereus</i>这几种鸟,围绕着青藏高原构成了一个环。注意这张图上一些种间分界线受到记录整理方面的人为因素影响,同时由于eBird是一个在我国不甚流行的观鸟记录数据库,在没有人提交观鸟记录的地点是没有信息的。<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjj08VtSevC6TfEGwtuEadXw_0T8bkVeoX5knxwILfAGtqNuAipe-WwwhcsunZCNsTx-hONdK_6rnQA3uS_pz6_IY8-8RVuup3QfrNVypGZwiBYolleGo5H3YFdiM1BQcwEMc3xOCxm7QQ/s1600/3.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjj08VtSevC6TfEGwtuEadXw_0T8bkVeoX5knxwILfAGtqNuAipe-WwwhcsunZCNsTx-hONdK_6rnQA3uS_pz6_IY8-8RVuup3QfrNVypGZwiBYolleGo5H3YFdiM1BQcwEMc3xOCxm7QQ/s400/3.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">图3. eBird数据库中Parus属三种鸟的记录分布</span></td></tr>
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</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
环形种的概念是否适用,几代专家提出了很多针锋相对的意见。早在1928年,即有人在阿穆尔河下游的<i>major</i>/<i>minor</i>接触区同时观察到现在称大山雀和远东山雀的两种鸟。但关于这两种鸟是否能“通婚”,不同人有不同的看法。如果能够“通婚”,那就说明存在基因交流,环形种不成立,这两类鸟属于同种不同亚种。如果不能“通婚”,说明这两种生殖隔离的鸟已经可以算是分属不同的种了[15]。2004年,德国美因茨大学一位博士在其学位论文课题中对这个问题进行深入的考察,结合了蛋白序列比较、形态学研究和声音分析,最终确认了环形种的成立——尽管存在着小范围、不常见的“通婚”情形,总的来说<i>P. major</i>和<i>P. minor</i>两类鸟并不能发生有效的基因传递。[16,17]本文被分类学家广泛接受,也成了确立<i>P. minor</i>独立种地位的主要依据。不过后来仍有人通过mtDNA测序的有力证据对这一结论提出质疑。<br />
<br />
山雀属是一类擅长鸣叫的鸟类,其鸣声与求偶密切相关。鸣叫除了展示性成熟、交配能力等,也是吸引雌性的手段。鸣叫如同暗号,对不上的话就没有交配权,从而产生生殖隔离。所以,研究鸣叫可能比研究蛋白和核酸的序列更直接的反映出物种差异。日本综合研究大学院大学的铃木俊贵曾在远东山雀的鸣叫方面做出了一些工作。将鸣叫的录音进行频率分析,就可以将声音转化成谱图,得到特征性的“声音指纹”。<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3AodBS7LvWmWuaAJ0p6PSo8ptyo3Jv-uusiaXYrHGfZ7-WdxalRo_MSIBUd6Jx3uGuZMz_ozOgvBHJisO8b36aOKpCDQ3EGghbi5C3SjlU40QkoEVr3t0_n8NN3GQlfBleR0WvtXnsGG5/s1600/4.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3AodBS7LvWmWuaAJ0p6PSo8ptyo3Jv-uusiaXYrHGfZ7-WdxalRo_MSIBUd6Jx3uGuZMz_ozOgvBHJisO8b36aOKpCDQ3EGghbi5C3SjlU40QkoEVr3t0_n8NN3GQlfBleR0WvtXnsGG5/s400/4.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">图4:大山雀的不同叫声组合。根据<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" style="font-size: 12.8px;" target="_blank">CC-BY-4.0</a><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">协议摘自参考文献[18],未经修改。</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
通过这些研究,铃木得到了很多有趣的结果。他首先证实了鸟类的语言不仅有“词汇”,还有“语法”:将各种鸣声组合(“词汇”)按不同顺序(“语序”)播放,会引起远东山雀不同的反应[19]。他还发现在远东山雀孵卵过程中,亲鸟对于不同的警示性鸣声也会做出不同的反应,这说明鸣声和危险等级是有关系的[20]。这些远东山雀的研究揭示出,鸟类的“语言”可能比我们原先想象的要复杂。<br />
<br />
下面是一段儿远东山雀的叫声,你能知道它在说些什么吗?<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6ojN1vnC80wSxgHIk1Pn-wvsdPOC6dzUUCctI72DgigJ3K7awothb9N029JnfrhQIEvt3qj_W_qCExDDF9EUGFzLuj6m_gP1Pe-GTiphLt1G9vSGsCD-bmG0tOS8aTUuXk7LIKIpGlNBL/s1600/5.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6ojN1vnC80wSxgHIk1Pn-wvsdPOC6dzUUCctI72DgigJ3K7awothb9N029JnfrhQIEvt3qj_W_qCExDDF9EUGFzLuj6m_gP1Pe-GTiphLt1G9vSGsCD-bmG0tOS8aTUuXk7LIKIpGlNBL/s320/5.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">图5: Parus minor commixtus叫声频谱图,来自http://www.xeno-canto.org/61847。根据<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC-ND 2.5</a>协议。</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<iframe src='http://www.xeno-canto.org/61847/embed?simple=1' scrolling='no' frameborder='0' width='340' height='115'></iframe>
<br />请放心加载播放器脚本。<br />
<h3>
<br />三</h3>
远东山雀被称为北京最常见的山雀[21]。在2014年发表的《北京大学燕园鸟类组成》一文中,大山雀在北大燕园内的遇见率要低于作为优势种的黄腹山雀和沼泽山雀,属于常见种[22]。该文章依从《中国鸟类分类与分布名录(2011)》的分类系统,将远东山雀归为大山雀的亚种。<br />
<br />
最新版IUCN红名单遵照BirdLife的分类系统同样将远东山雀合并到大山雀中,并将该种评价为最低受威胁级别,无危。远东山雀在北京一些地区的方言中又被称为“吱吱黑”,这个名字来源于它鸣叫的声音。在校园中凡有远东山雀鸣叫之处,皆能找到其踪迹。<br />
<br />
我有一次在校园北部,中国社会工作研究中心门口的台地上看到很多鸟,其中包括了好几种山雀。这个时候还偶遇了商务印书馆一位观鸟的大叔,他曾在北大生活多年,和我聊了一会儿北大的山雀。此处说的大叔并不是灭雕灵大叔。<br />
<br />
另一个我经常路过并且能看到远东山雀的地方是燕南食堂和哲学楼之间的长着紫藤的“破支架子”附近(典出Ingress)。那里经常可见远东山雀和沼泽山雀,由于遮挡较小,往往不需要望远镜就能清楚的看到有什么鸟。燕南园里面也时有远东山雀出没。<br />
<br />
致谢:感谢黄瀚晨同学在鸟类学文献方面的重要讨论。<br />
<br />
[1] Johansson U S, Ekman J, Bowie R C K, et al. A complete multilocus species phylogeny of the tits and chickadees (Aves: Paridae)[J]. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 2013, 69(3): 852-860.<br />
<br />
[2] Tian H, Zhang Z, Yan H, et al. Molecular phylogenetic analysis among species of Paridae, Remizidae and Aegithalos based on mtDNA sequences of COI and cyt b[J]. 2010.<br />
<br />
[3] 其侃. 北京鸟类志[M]. 北京出版社, 1988.<br />
<br />
[4] 郑作新. 中国鸟类系统检索[M]. 科学出版社, 1957.<br />
<br />
[5] 郑作新. 中国鸟类系统检索(第二版)[M]. 科学出版社, 1964.<br />
<br />
[6] 郑作新. 中国鸟类系统检索(第三版)[M]. 科学出版社, 2002.<br />
<br />
[7] Tso-Hsin C. A synopsis of the avifauna of China[M]. Science Press, 1987.<br />
<br />
[8] Delacour J, Vaurie C. Les mésanges charbonnières (révision de l’espèce Parus major)[J]. Oiseau Rev. Fr. Ornithol, 1950, 20: 90-121.<br />
<br />
[9] 赵正阶. 中国鸟类志[M]. 吉林科学技术出版社, 2001.<br />
<br />
[10] Thayer J E, Bangs O. Descriptions of new birds from Central China[M]. Museum, 1909.<br />
<br />
[11] 郑作新. 中国鸟类种和亚种分类名录大全: A complete checklist of species and subspecies of the Chinese birds[M]. 科学出版社, 2000.<br />
<br />
[12] 郑作新. 中国鸟类分布名录[M]. 科学出版社, 1976.<br />
<br />
[13] 洪德元. 生物多样性事业需要科学, 可操作的物种概念[J]. 生物多样性, 2016, 24(9): 979-999.<br />
<br />
[14] Jordan, David Starr. "The origin of species through isolation." Science (1905): 545-562.<br />
<br />
[15] Kapitonova, Smirenskii, Selivanova, et al. The history of ranges of the great tit (Parus major) and Japanese tit (Parus minor) in the Amur Region[J]. Biology Bulletin, springer, 2011, 38(9): 912–926.<br />
<br />
[16] Paeckert M, Martens J, Eck S, et al. The great tit (Parus major)–a misclassified ring species[J]. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 86(2): 153-174.<br />
<br />
[17] Päckert M. Differenzierung von Reviergesängen und mitochondrialem Cytochrom-b in drei ausgewählten Singvogelgattungen (Aves, Passeriformes: Genus Regulus, Genus Seicercus und Parus major)[D]. Mainz Univ, 2003.<br />
<br />
[18] Kvist L, Martens J, Higuchi H, et al. Evolution and genetic structure of the great tit (Parus major) complex[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 2003, 270(1523): 1447-1454.<br />
<br />
[19] Suzuki T N, Wheatcroft D, Griesser M. Experimental evidence for compositional syntax in bird calls[J]. Nature communications, 2016, 7.<br />
<br />
[20] Suzuki T N. Assessment of predation risk through referential communication in incubating birds[J]. Scientific reports, 2015, 5: 10239.<br />
<br />
[21] Townshend, T. 北京常见鸟类指南[OL], (2015-07) [2017-01-28]. <a href="https://birdingbeijing.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/e58c97e4baace5b8b8e8a781e9b89fe7b1bbe68c87e58d971.pdf">https://birdingbeijing.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/e58c97e4baace5b8b8e8a781e9b89fe7b1bbe68c87e58d971.pdf</a>.<br />
<br />
[22] 闻丞, 韩冬, 李晟, 等. 北京大学燕园鸟类组成[J]. 北京大学学报 (自然科学版), 2014, 50(3): 416-428.Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-28928440852265619712017-03-17T14:03:00.001-07:002017-03-30T15:02:12.193-07:00Malvern ZetaSizer Visualizer, a tool to plot the exported data from Malvern DLSMany labs own Malvern ZetaSizer products, but the data export is always a problem. Nobody loves the low-resolution original output images and the built-in tool to automatically export the data is generates terrible results.The general method of exportation can be found in the user manual, and it is described in Chapter 11. You can follow <a href="http://www.biophysics.bioc.cam.ac.uk/files/Zetasizer_Nano_user_manual_Man0317-1.1.pdf" target="_blank">this</a> link to obtain a full text.<br />
<div>
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However, for size measurement, you can actually export a "size/volume/intensity distribution table" every time you conduct a measurement. Albeit the terrible format it produces, this is the most favorable practice in the labs that I have worked in. To view it, you first need to turn on the panel/tab in <b>Tool>>Setting>>Configure Workspace>>Size</b>, and in the tab <b>Report Pages</b>, check <b>Number Stats Table (M)</b>. Then after each measurement, just drag/copy the table to a .txt file and save it to your flash disk. Remember, one measurement in each file.<br />
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The file looks like this:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1owgnp-yJopDVN1nGqsV0xN0TeTIt9H6MBphXP_P91y2ZhQUF-MzTr5tK4AVJLq7pJooO3PbQPD7LLCubAXW-8ygmYDOcPSA6YvouFszZgnVMPzMi9Rdtp9JzcESwTkN-Oyyk3UHK6Elx/s1600/dls1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1owgnp-yJopDVN1nGqsV0xN0TeTIt9H6MBphXP_P91y2ZhQUF-MzTr5tK4AVJLq7pJooO3PbQPD7LLCubAXW-8ygmYDOcPSA6YvouFszZgnVMPzMi9Rdtp9JzcESwTkN-Oyyk3UHK6Elx/s640/dls1.png" width="640" /></a></div>
It seems to be a poorly formatted, tab separated file which is extremely unfriendly to the graph editing software.<br />
<br />
I used to manually cut and paste and use Excel as well as some more specific data analysis software to visualize the data. Recently I am generating a large number of results, so I decided to write a script to process them.<br />
<br />
Here is the Python-Gnuplot script. To run it on Windows, you need to first install <a href="https://www.python.org/downloads/" target="_blank">python</a> (for some reason, I am still using Python 2.7, but I believe it is also compatible with Python 3), <a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/gnuplot/files/gnuplot/" target="_blank">Gnuplot</a> and add their directory in %PATH%. Just check "add to %PATH%" options when you install these softwares.<br />
<br />
Then, put all the .txt files in the same directory, download <a href="https://github.com/MengXiangxi/Research-Scripts/blob/master/DLS/NanoSizer_dist_visualize.py" target="_blank">this</a> script file to the same directory and run it. A png figure will be generated for each .txt file in this directory, and it looks just like this one:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxq2nopnF6L3hyHRROyHi1hCQVtKA5dxAR-cm8m7t1bwi-KLJVLX2iYslexsmGvDfUbPaSqA7lqlVOQ2k5CCbDcBpNK1tQ8pHoCAq0xQaAxz1p0c2vIP0lOfC_CYqJl63dj6rv56fMyM4i/s1600/filename.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxq2nopnF6L3hyHRROyHi1hCQVtKA5dxAR-cm8m7t1bwi-KLJVLX2iYslexsmGvDfUbPaSqA7lqlVOQ2k5CCbDcBpNK1tQ8pHoCAq0xQaAxz1p0c2vIP0lOfC_CYqJl63dj6rv56fMyM4i/s320/filename.png" width="320" /></a></div>
In the meantime, another .csv file is generated. You can import this file into other software for a further analysis.<br />
<br />
Here is the code of the script:<br />
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<pre style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="color: #3f7f59;">#!/usr/bin/env python</span>
<span style="color: #3f7f59;"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span>
<span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">import</span> os
<span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">import</span> subprocess
<span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">def</span> transcribe(fname):
cumul = 0.0
<span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">with</span> <span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">open</span>(fname,<span style="color: #2a00ff;">'r'</span>) <span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">as</span> source,\
<span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">open</span>(fname[:-4]+<span style="color: #2a00ff;">'_trans.csv'</span>,<span style="color: #2a00ff;">'w'</span>) <span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">as</span> result:
content = source.readlines()
<span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">del</span> content[0:2]
<span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">for</span> i <span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">range</span>(0,3):
<span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">for</span> j <span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">in</span> content:
<span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">if</span> <span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">len</span>(j.split(<span style="color: #2a00ff;">'</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\t</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">'</span>)[4*i])>0:
x = j.split(<span style="color: #2a00ff;">'</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\t</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">'</span>)[4*i]
y = j.split(<span style="color: #2a00ff;">'</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\t</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">'</span>)[4*i+1]
cumul += <span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">float</span>(y)
result.write(x+<span style="color: #2a00ff;">','</span>+y+<span style="color: #2a00ff;">','</span>+<span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">str</span>(cumul)+<span style="color: #2a00ff;">'</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\n</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">'</span>)
<span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">def</span> plot(fname):
figtitle = fname[:-10]
<span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">with</span> <span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">open</span>(fname,<span style="color: #2a00ff;">'r'</span>) <span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">as</span> source:
dataraw = source.readlines()
<span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">for</span> i <span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">range</span>(0, <span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">len</span>(dataraw)-1):
x = <span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">float</span>(dataraw[i].strip().split(<span style="color: #2a00ff;">','</span>)[0])
y = <span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">float</span>(dataraw[i].strip().split(<span style="color: #2a00ff;">','</span>)[1])
<span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">with</span> <span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">open</span>(<span style="color: #2a00ff;">'gpl_temp.plt'</span>,<span style="color: #2a00ff;">'w'</span>) <span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">as</span> gTemp:
gTemp.write(<span style="color: #2a00ff;">"set term png</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\n</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">"</span>)
gTemp.write(<span style="color: #2a00ff;">"set output </span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\"</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">%s.png</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\"</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\n</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">"</span> %fname[:-10])
gTemp.write(<span style="color: #2a00ff;">"set datafile separator </span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\"</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">,</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\"</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\n</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">"</span>)
gTemp.write(<span style="color: #2a00ff;">"set title </span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\"</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">%s</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\"</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\n</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">"</span>%figtitle)
gTemp.write(<span style="color: #2a00ff;">"set xlabel </span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\"</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">D (nm)</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\"</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\n</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">"</span>)
gTemp.write(<span style="color: #2a00ff;">"set ylabel </span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\"</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">N%</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\"</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\n</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">"</span>)
gTemp.write(<span style="color: #2a00ff;">"set yrange [0:110]</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\n</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">"</span>)
gTemp.write(<span style="color: #2a00ff;">"set grid</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\n</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">"</span>)
gTemp.write(<span style="color: #2a00ff;">"set logscale x</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\n</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">"</span>)
gTemp.write(<span style="color: #2a00ff;">"set style fill solid 0.4 border</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\n</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">"</span>)
gTemp.write(<span style="color: #2a00ff;">"plot </span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\"</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">%s</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\"</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;"> using 1:2 </span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\"</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">%%lf,%%lf</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\"</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;"> title </span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\"</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\"</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;"> with boxes,"</span>%(fname)+\
<span style="color: #2a00ff;"> "</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\"</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\"</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;"> using 1:3 title </span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\"</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\"</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;"> with line</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\n</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">"</span>)
gTemp.write(<span style="color: #2a00ff;">"set output</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">\n</span><span style="color: #2a00ff;">"</span>)</pre>
<pre style="background: #ffffff; color: black;"> p=subprocess.call(<span style="color: #2a00ff;">"gnuplot gpl_temp.plt"</span>)
txtdir = os.listdir(os.getcwd())
<span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">for</span> i <span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">in</span> txtdir:
<span style="color: #7f0055; font-weight: bold;">if</span> i[-4:] == <span style="color: #2a00ff;">'.txt'</span>:
transcribe(i)
plot(i[:-4]+<span style="color: #2a00ff;">'_trans.csv'</span>)
</pre>
Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com1Atlanta33.760882000869174 -84.37532.067461500869172 -86.956787 35.454302500869176 -81.793213tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-46785142890782559702016-12-14T19:58:00.000-08:002016-12-18T04:42:42.824-08:00一个基于JavaScript的timer实现为了方便观察色谱的运行状态,在降低辐射剂量的情况下获得色谱的时间信息,我用Javascript撰写了一个html小程序,用来在限制很多的色谱工作站上跑。<br />
内容比较简单,所以我一点注释都没有加。<br />
<link href="http://tools.oschina.net/js/syntaxhighlighter_3.0.83/styles/shCoreDefault.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"></link><br />
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</td><td class="code"><div class="container">
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<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">html</code><code class="xml plain">></code></div>
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<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">head</code><code class="xml plain">></code></div>
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<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">script</code> <code class="xml color1">type</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"text/javascript"</code><code class="xml plain">></code></div>
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<code class="xml plain">var per=0.1</code></div>
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<code class="xml plain">var alOffset=0</code></div>
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<code class="xml plain">function offset(sec)</code></div>
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<code class="xml spaces"> </code><code class="xml plain">{</code></div>
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<code class="xml spaces"> </code><code class="xml plain">clearTimeout(t);</code></div>
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<code class="xml spaces"> </code><code class="xml plain">if (sec == '-1')</code></div>
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<code class="xml spaces"> </code><code class="xml plain">{</code></div>
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<code class="xml spaces"> </code><code class="xml plain">sec = (document.getElementById("offsetbox").value)*600</code></div>
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<code class="xml spaces"> </code><code class="xml plain">}</code></div>
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<code class="xml spaces"> </code><code class="xml plain">c = sec</code></div>
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<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">form</code><code class="xml plain">></code></div>
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<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">input</code> <code class="xml color1">type</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"button"</code> <code class="xml color1">value</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"0 sec"</code> <code class="xml color1">onClick</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"offset(0); timedCount()"</code><code class="xml plain">></code></div>
<div class="line number61 index60 alt2">
<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">input</code> <code class="xml color1">type</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"button"</code> <code class="xml color1">value</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"5 sec"</code> <code class="xml color1">onClick</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"offset(50); timedCount()"</code><code class="xml plain">></code></div>
<div class="line number62 index61 alt1">
<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">input</code> <code class="xml color1">type</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"button"</code> <code class="xml color1">value</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"0.1 min"</code> <code class="xml color1">onClick</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"offset(60); timedCount()"</code><code class="xml plain">></code></div>
<div class="line number63 index62 alt2">
<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">input</code> <code class="xml color1">type</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"button"</code> <code class="xml color1">value</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"stop"</code> <code class="xml color1">onClick</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"timedStop()"</code><code class="xml plain">></code></div>
<div class="line number64 index63 alt1">
<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">div</code> <code class="xml color1">id</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"txt"</code> <code class="xml color1">style</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"color:red;font-size:100px"</code><code class="xml plain">></code></div>
<div class="line number65 index64 alt2">
<code class="xml plain">0</code></div>
<div class="line number66 index65 alt1">
<code class="xml plain"></</code><code class="xml keyword">div</code><code class="xml plain">></code></div>
<div class="line number67 index66 alt2">
<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">div</code><code class="xml plain">></code></div>
<div class="line number68 index67 alt1">
<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">input</code> <code class="xml color1">type</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"button"</code> <code class="xml color1">value</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"Start at"</code> <code class="xml color1">onClick</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"offset(-1); timedCount()"</code> <code class="xml color1">id</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"offsetbutton"</code><code class="xml plain">></code></div>
<div class="line number69 index68 alt2">
<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">input</code> <code class="xml color1">type</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"text"</code> <code class="xml color1">id</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"offsetbox"</code> <code class="xml color1">value</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"0.5"</code> <code class="xml color1">size</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"3"</code><code class="xml plain">> min</code></div>
<div class="line number70 index69 alt1">
<code class="xml plain"></</code><code class="xml keyword">div</code><code class="xml plain">></code></div>
<div class="line number71 index70 alt2">
<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">hr</code> <code class="xml plain">/></code></div>
<div class="line number72 index71 alt1">
<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">div</code><code class="xml plain">></code></div>
<div class="line number73 index72 alt2">
<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">input</code> <code class="xml color1">type</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"button"</code> <code class="xml color1">value</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"Set Alert"</code> <code class="xml color1">onClick</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"setAlert()"</code><code class="xml plain">></code></div>
<div class="line number74 index73 alt1">
<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">br</code> <code class="xml plain">/></code></div>
<div class="line number75 index74 alt2">
<code class="xml plain">Period:</code></div>
<div class="line number76 index75 alt1">
<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">input</code> <code class="xml color1">type</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"text"</code> <code class="xml color1">id</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"alPerBox"</code> <code class="xml color1">value</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"0.1"</code> <code class="xml color1">size</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"1.5"</code><code class="xml plain">> min</code></div>
<div class="line number77 index76 alt2">
<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">br</code> <code class="xml plain">/></code></div>
<div class="line number78 index77 alt1">
<code class="xml plain">Offset:</code></div>
<div class="line number79 index78 alt2">
<code class="xml plain"><</code><code class="xml keyword">input</code> <code class="xml color1">type</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"text"</code> <code class="xml color1">id</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"alOffsetBox"</code> <code class="xml color1">value</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"0"</code> <code class="xml color1">size</code><code class="xml plain">=</code><code class="xml string">"1.5"</code><code class="xml plain">> min</code></div>
<div class="line number80 index79 alt1">
<code class="xml plain"></</code><code class="xml keyword">div</code><code class="xml plain">></code></div>
<div class="line number81 index80 alt2">
<code class="xml plain"></</code><code class="xml keyword">form</code><code class="xml plain">></code></div>
<div class="line number82 index81 alt1">
<code class="xml plain"></</code><code class="xml keyword">body</code><code class="xml plain">></code></div>
<div class="line number83 index82 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number84 index83 alt1">
<code class="xml plain"></</code><code class="xml keyword">html</code><code class="xml plain">></code></div>
<div class="line number85 index84 alt2">
</div>
<div class="line number86 index85 alt1">
<code class="xml spaces"> </code> </div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="syntaxhighlighter xml" id="highlighter_329369">
<br /></div>
<div class="syntaxhighlighter xml" id="highlighter_329369">
效果见:</div>
<div class="syntaxhighlighter xml" id="highlighter_329369">
<a href="https://mengxiangxi.blogspot.com/p/timer.html">https://mengxiangxi.blogspot.com/p/timer.html</a></div>
Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-89041290513708714862016-10-04T07:28:00.000-07:002016-10-05T08:04:12.643-07:00东灵山观测队记<head>
<script src="https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?key=AIzaSyCmwvWwsS5_Oab9hVbpcb7r5CNKm7aIQ4Q&sensor=false">
</script>
<script>
var labels = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';
var labelIndex = 0;
var myCenter =new google.maps.LatLng(40.03056,115.4583);
var myPeak =new google.maps.LatLng(40.030712,115.454049);
var myCarPark=new google.maps.LatLng(40.038442,115.496121);
function initialize()
{
var mapProp = {center:myCenter,zoom:13,mapTypeId:google.maps.MapTypeId.SATELLITE};
var map=new google.maps.Map(document.getElementById("googleMap"),mapProp);
var marker1=new google.maps.Marker({position:myCenter,title:"营地",map:map});
var marker2=new google.maps.Marker({position:myPeak,title:"顶峰",map:map,label: labels[labelIndex++ % labels.length]});
var marker3=new google.maps.Marker({position:myCarPark,title:"停车场",map:map,label: labels[labelIndex++ % labels.length]});
}
google.maps.event.addDomListener(window, 'load', initialize);
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>
东灵山观测队记</h1>
<h2>
1.概述</h2>
当壕、学霸和克望远镜的冒牌老司机李刚把我骗上贼船的时候,我完全想不到这是怎样的一场作死之旅。<br />
怀着对丰宁的怨念,我和北京大学的于铖浩、陈语嫣,北京外国语大学的魏宁,以及本应该在悉尼大学但是被签证官坑在了北京的李刚,于2016年10月1日北京时间13时许携带露营装备和小双筒望远镜来到了北京西郊门头沟区的这一北京最高峰。然而当22个小时之后再次回到下图上的B点时候,鬼知道我们经历了什么。<br />
本文将首先简要叙述当地遇到的生态问题,然后详细论述我们是如何差点死在了下面地图中心的那个点。<br />
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<h2>
2.生态问题</h2>
我们攀登的东灵山东坡位于北京市门头沟区境内,全境属于百花山国家级自然保护区内部,但并非核心区。<br />
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东灵山主峰以西,属于河北省涿鹿县,并划归小五台山国家级自然保护区管辖。该国家级自然保护区近期正在调整范围和功能规划,但是并未影响东灵山附近的的区域。值得注意的是,该保护区的划分非常的片段化,对于生物多样性和栖息地保护十分不利。<br />
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然而这个地方的生态环境非常恶劣。在1800-2000 m左右,能看到铁线莲、美蔷薇、蒿、蒲公英(李刚我对不起你!)、蓝盆花、地榆等,更高处有很多鬼箭锦鸡儿灌丛,由于是初秋,没有看到太多植物也算正常。这个海拔范围内零散分布了几篇桦树林,更高的海拔有零散的针叶林和针叶乔木,似乎均为次生。<br />
这个过程中,一位从山上下来的女士抱怨说她年轻的时候这里到处都是花,现在看不到了。我问她是不是季节的原因,她坚决的否认了。等到我们翻过第一座山头,才发现她所言非虚。整个草甸的植被都被破坏了,山头暴露着大量的裸土,降水后则会十分泥泞。这样极端的状况并非单纯由不负责任的游客引起,其主要原因是放牧。<br />
由于东灵山西坡这一传统的登山旅游景区在管理上的荒废和灵山索道因为经营不善停运,无组织的马匹租赁十分发达。马队肆意啃食植物,并才踏出了大量割裂草甸的马道,远超草甸的承载力。须知这还是保护区内的植被。另外山上散养了很多奶牛,附近的山坡上还见到牧羊人放牧。<br />
另外,由于此处毫无旅游管理可言,漫山遍野全是动物粪便和生活垃圾。经常可见牛咀嚼废弃的塑料瓶。<br />
<p id="back1">早在2002年,那时景区还在运营,索道还没有停运,有人发表文章指出<a href="#ref1"><sup>1</sup></a>:旅游活动以及牲畜啃食、踩踏已经对当地环境造成严重的影响,建议改变游客集散方式以保护草甸生态。十多年过去了,索道已经停运,景区已经无人维护,情况却更加糟糕,这恐怕是作者始料未及的。</p>
有鉴于此,我给出如下建议:<br />
<ul>
<li>明确景区、保护区界限,禁止牲畜和一切饲养动物进入。村民现有的牲畜责令其转让或由林业部门按较低的价格收购。</li>
<li>修复基础设施,包括步道和缆车。推广生态旅游、无痕山林,禁止游客进入草甸和林区内部。</li>
<li>规划宿营地,向露营的游客收取一定费用用于废弃物处理和保护区建设。</li>
<li>利用转移支付和生态补偿等机制,促使当地居民不依靠对当地自然资源的过去攫取生存致富。有必要时进行生态移民。</li>
</ul>
<h2>3.极端天气事件</h2>
<h3>3.1.过程</h3>
<p>我们日落前到达顶峰(见地图中A点),考虑宿营地点的问题。由于要进行天文观测,宿营地点不宜距离顶峰太远。我的意见是原则上不应该在山峰宿营,但是我知道有一些有经验的野外工作者也有过顶峰宿营的经历。我于是沿路下行探路。顶峰附近的山脊旁侧有一两处地形较为适宜的营地,但都有很多牲畜粪便,卫生条件太差。甚至有一个废弃的石屋基底,也因为有屎而无法利用。直到地图中间标识的鞍部,才勉强能在粪便之间找到一小块位置扎帐篷。</p>
<p>我回到顶峰告诉队友这些情况,大家决定还是在顶峰扎营。我没有坚持,便和大家一起搭上帐篷,并进行了加固,有另外的两个男生也扎营在我们旁边。晚饭后云遮率很快上升,南部的天空出现闪电。待我看到第三个闪电的的时候,我觉得必须采取行动了。商量了一下,决定大家马上拆除帐篷、收拾垃圾、重新打包,把拆开的内外帐和帐杆分开携带,立即列队下撤到鞍部的营地。我告诉队友如果感到有电荷累积的情况就马上不顾一切的降低海拔,所幸没有用上。这时候只能看到闪电,很难听到雷声。我当时猜想由于地形抬高,看到的闪电可能远至上百公里以外。</p>
<p>在新营地,我们很快找到了粪便少的区域,重新支起帐篷。由于鞍部风力较小,我没有用所有的地钉,也没扎风绳。这一点进一步加剧了后来的经历雷暴时候的惊悚感。10月1日20点左右进帐篷休息,不久就有降雨。我觉得有些不安,便借助微弱的手机信号向后方的黎子良同学求援,问他附近是否有强对流系统等。黎子良查了资料发现,雷达只有零散回波,不像是严重的极端天气情况。同时数值预报给出后半夜会天气放晴,这一点与我们之前关注的晴天钟预报结果也一致。于是我决定不冒险摸黑下撤。</p>
<p>10月2日0点,天顶附近的云散去,观测条件较为理想。于是我们进行了观测和摄影。我观察了若干双筒目标,并在0:57-1:34期间进行了流星标准观测,发现流星的流量非常高。到1:00以后,南天的闪电开始增多,可以看到云和山头之间的放电。</p>
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<p style="font-family:黑体;text-align:center">李刚 供图</p>
<p>2:00之后,云量骤增,不再适合观测。雷电也增多,听雷声估计在5-15 km之外。我们进帐睡觉,考虑要不要4:45起床看水星。而到了那个时候,云量已经很大了,不久开始下雨,风力忽然强了起来,完全没有机会加固帐篷。很快,雷暴袭来,大量冰雹倾泻而下,雷声也逐渐逼近,最近到1 km以内,应该是在两侧的山峰上。冰雹如此之强以至于小帐篷随时有被压塌之虞。我们的帐篷内也进水了。此时我能感受到李刚和于铖浩都在颤抖。我们马上投入救灾之中,撑住帐篷的迎风面。我让大家把本来就几乎没信号的手机调到飞行模式。此时是最危急的时刻,帐篷随时可能受损,使我们失去最后一层保护,风力如果更大帐篷被破坏的时候我们也可能直接被卷走,如果被雷电击中也是必死无疑。我想如果那时我们还在顶峰,大概就直接送命了。雷暴冰雹持续了很久,我在想如果再这样下去可能得主动弃帐求生了。正在此时,雷暴减弱,我们可以打开帐门看到外面的冰雹倾泻。</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyIEZC5SKYZ2JXxFo-ab5DlqCJQYWXX4rAhkUuB5RCIZh-ePsirqDAT8WgI2NdITT8oZEnBm8QAI2fyosCEp8ANl4lmqzKwOvwE1LaLPL0TqduJvtMQ7fqpus2VHJXvFYtforDgcn5TrMh/s1600/hail.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyIEZC5SKYZ2JXxFo-ab5DlqCJQYWXX4rAhkUuB5RCIZh-ePsirqDAT8WgI2NdITT8oZEnBm8QAI2fyosCEp8ANl4lmqzKwOvwE1LaLPL0TqduJvtMQ7fqpus2VHJXvFYtforDgcn5TrMh/s400/hail.jpg" width="480" height="640" /></a></div>
<p style="font-family:黑体;text-align:center">李刚 供图</p>
<p>到6:30,雷暴才最终停歇,前后持续时间约1 hr。此时地面累积的冰雹堆积密度局部超过3 cm,降水量应该超过10 mm。我们可以看到东侧和北侧的山脊都有雨帘,而且东侧的山脊上闪电十分明显。虽然南天放晴,我们还是不敢怠慢,迅速收拾装备下山。</p>
<p>下山的道路十分泥泞难行,然而下到一半全天都放晴了,我们这才放心。</p>
<h3>3.2.分析</h3>
<p>这次强对流天气,在事前的数值预报上并没有显示,甚至几个小时的短期预报都无法准确的提示。我们看下面两张0:46的雷达回波图,并没有发现任何强对流天气的迹象。当然,北京站的雷达也似乎工作状态有点不正常,出现很多杂波。</p>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiooG2q1sLCblaBIHGCi1RLOofF-2al_q5TqeIMOW9zd5BlqDqv6pyNHD8eRuwjGHMJo0zGztFKEQeo_I12ufJU69sIHKDejNFf3VuWSEsyWmX8tKoI39eaud_NUX7XeMur2FGVR-EQRfe/s1600/sevp_aoc_rdcp_sldas_ebref_az9010_l88_pi_20161001164200000.png" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiooG2q1sLCblaBIHGCi1RLOofF-2al_q5TqeIMOW9zd5BlqDqv6pyNHD8eRuwjGHMJo0zGztFKEQeo_I12ufJU69sIHKDejNFf3VuWSEsyWmX8tKoI39eaud_NUX7XeMur2FGVR-EQRfe/s640/sevp_aoc_rdcp_sldas_ebref_az9010_l88_pi_20161001164200000.png" width="640" height="480" /></a>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwUeOmJOTSYy703lUIZMrR4PnXzHbXxdQrMtqBit8f7v0B6cZAU6ojT6vp5gPTTAWzEZ3-PXpPE-Y1ixHWMQhpB7DYb3KRuyv77TCNkR2kOvaNowcdwm0Us_UtoG3zbecDnZkCIu_csBCa/s1600/sevp_aoc_rdcp_sldas_ebref_ancn_l88_pi_20161001164200001.png" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwUeOmJOTSYy703lUIZMrR4PnXzHbXxdQrMtqBit8f7v0B6cZAU6ojT6vp5gPTTAWzEZ3-PXpPE-Y1ixHWMQhpB7DYb3KRuyv77TCNkR2kOvaNowcdwm0Us_UtoG3zbecDnZkCIu_csBCa/s640/sevp_aoc_rdcp_sldas_ebref_ancn_l88_pi_20161001164200001.png" width="640" height="480" /></a>
<p>但是到了强对流天气发生的时间,雷达回波就非常明显了:</p>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJLZ8Q_wUDbYDVrbLqSSPWtwlsDA9zWVamO6PKZz5-cQ8UCe9e_5WYG1oAlOCswKHoG9OrawTjOHTN4fctFMTAo5GwfyDuqdeo27wNO5NwQgPDdcvStjWDQ-PhdA4mAdUXkdYfbVromQa-/s1600/sevp_aoc_rdcp_sldas_ebref_az9010_l88_pi_20161001204200000.png" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJLZ8Q_wUDbYDVrbLqSSPWtwlsDA9zWVamO6PKZz5-cQ8UCe9e_5WYG1oAlOCswKHoG9OrawTjOHTN4fctFMTAo5GwfyDuqdeo27wNO5NwQgPDdcvStjWDQ-PhdA4mAdUXkdYfbVromQa-/s640/sevp_aoc_rdcp_sldas_ebref_az9010_l88_pi_20161001204200000.png" width="640" height="480" /></a>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2Xfz6n6k3v7AWkaJovDImS1P55uJ0TSprX_f5_xvuOSnSyOe6AR4NBRJsYRhTicboQUSTZQnwk-FXQJsxf_fcZi_pAxi9ZKtyK4g9SsuRnP8C79_4x5fm6n48E2ROO3RXVLtzazvL0Pdq/s1600/sevp_aoc_rdcp_sldas_ebref_ancn_l88_pi_20161001204200001.png" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2Xfz6n6k3v7AWkaJovDImS1P55uJ0TSprX_f5_xvuOSnSyOe6AR4NBRJsYRhTicboQUSTZQnwk-FXQJsxf_fcZi_pAxi9ZKtyK4g9SsuRnP8C79_4x5fm6n48E2ROO3RXVLtzazvL0Pdq/s640/sevp_aoc_rdcp_sldas_ebref_ancn_l88_pi_20161001204200001.png" width="640" height="480" /></a>
<p>风云II号回传的云图上,我们可以发现东灵山处于云带的边缘:</p>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOqVX8yT3psHHI6wRP9Js2TGgQdMObT-A5iTy3uEDnvPU0_akIrG3DQdZIPJzolbQ7SNxwXGeukYpsINZFKEilRgx-tvR5OLLpm3K0_HtDXkFEJO8LMYsi_4BVyz1y2lM9soOp7owAQBlJ/s1600/sevp_nsmc_wxcl_asc_e99_achn_lno_py_20161001201500000.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOqVX8yT3psHHI6wRP9Js2TGgQdMObT-A5iTy3uEDnvPU0_akIrG3DQdZIPJzolbQ7SNxwXGeukYpsINZFKEilRgx-tvR5OLLpm3K0_HtDXkFEJO8LMYsi_4BVyz1y2lM9soOp7owAQBlJ/s640/sevp_nsmc_wxcl_asc_e99_achn_lno_py_20161001201500000.jpg" width="640" height="447" /></a>
<p>我还找到了当时GFS的数值模式,这张图非常典型的描绘了极地冷涡、副热带高压、台风等天气系统。从中可见,冷风前沿并未到达北京地区:</p>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjleOTW9edzCBWWd3ddyuDnbIcsZwjUOSHaUrHyYLW44VmoVVkn1WIBSv5thiDyGHd6GUgyWooXvJOBcFPDe7odz_bo4AOKC5UIA4L2P_RGVRkCfi9e92Jq3yjDhVnf20FvhncqDvGcNhYg/s1600/PWCP_TWC_CLMD_S99_EME_TWC_L50_P9_20161002080000000.JPG" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjleOTW9edzCBWWd3ddyuDnbIcsZwjUOSHaUrHyYLW44VmoVVkn1WIBSv5thiDyGHd6GUgyWooXvJOBcFPDe7odz_bo4AOKC5UIA4L2P_RGVRkCfi9e92Jq3yjDhVnf20FvhncqDvGcNhYg/s640/PWCP_TWC_CLMD_S99_EME_TWC_L50_P9_20161002080000000.JPG" width="640" height="374" /></a>
<p id="back2">那么,是何原因导致这一中小尺度天气事件的发生呢?我想,大概可以用地形触发的强对流天气来解释。在10月1日的电话中,黎子良说看不到飑线,这和雷达的提示是一样的。同时他认为冷锋不会在当天夜间和次日凌晨到达北京。那么,孕育雷暴的就只有地形因素了。根据登山者的报告,在东灵山地区冰雹并非稀见,互联网上有2011年6月11日、2014年6月16日、2014年6月22日、2014年8月24日、2014年10月4日、2015年5月2日、2016年8月29日、2016年9月11日等多起冰雹的报告,而在北京市区我三年多来只见过一次冰雹。东灵山的冰雹发生频繁,从初夏到初秋均有分布。种种迹象表面,山区的特殊地形至少是这一强对流天气的触发因素<a href="#ref2"><sup>2</sup></a>。然而该强对流天气形成的大尺度背景尚不清楚。</p>
<h3>3.3.结论</h3>
<p>通过这次事件,我总结出以下注意事项:</p>
<ul>
<li>在山区,天气预报的参考价值是有限的,应该永远做最坏的打算。</li>
<li>应该使用尽可能优质的装备,同时做好一切安全技防措施。</li>
<li>对于原则性问题一定要坚持,不能用经验否定原则。</li>
<li>一定要尽量保证通讯畅通,在法律法规允许的范围内可以使用电台等技术保持联系。</li>
<li>好想在东灵山飞无人机啊_(:з」∠)_</li>
</ul>
<h2>4.总结</h2>
<p>这次观测可能是我出国前最后一次观测了。在天津、北京这么多年的观测经历中,我逐渐熟悉了头顶环绕的奇迹,也结识了很多朋友。我还想看到宇宙更多的部分,我还没看到过老人星、大小麦云、南十字,我的梅西耶记录还十分寒碜。千百年内,恒星一直在那里。然而我再回北京,大概很多同学就已经很难见到了,就像那些曾经和我在蓟县、在大港观测的北洋星语的朋友们,现在也动如参与商了。再见了!</p>
<h2>参考文献</h2>
<ol>
<li id="ref1">江源,赵海霞,刘肖骢等. 人类活动对北京东灵山山顶草甸植被的影响及草甸植被的保育对策[J]. 地球科学进展, 2002, 17(2): 235-240.<a href="#back1">back</a></li>
<li id="ref2">江佳. 浙江省一次地形相关的强对流天气分析 [D]. 浙江大学, 2014.<a href="#back2">back</a></li>
</ol>
</body>Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0综合科研楼11639.98947181351793 116.3071918487548839.989091813517931 116.30656134875488 39.98985181351793 116.30782234875488tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-89795268421623260232016-09-19T05:08:00.004-07:002016-09-23T08:12:50.415-07:00CT会让孩子变笨吗?<h1>CT会让孩子变笨吗?</h1>
<h2>——辐射防护与辐射生物学的观点</h2>
<p>刚刚开始进行核医学研究的时候,我像每个电离辐射从业人员一样,对医疗活动中的电离辐射暴露十分警惕。于是每次因为体检和就诊进入放射科、影像科(所幸我还没当过核医学科的患者)的时候,我都会留心医学影像检查所带来的辐射剂量。很快我发现,像是拍个胸片这种暴露,对我简直可以忽略不计;而局部CT的剂量虽然大一些,也还是相当安全的。</p>
<p>对我和多数患者来说,只要不发生意外辐射事故,正常的医疗活动造成的电离辐射暴露是完全可以接受,至少是明显利大于弊的。但是对于辐射敏感人群来说,医疗辐射可能带来的副作用便是足以引起警惕的了。除了一部分携带特定辐射敏感基因的人,儿童和孕妇在电离辐射面前都是要特别小心的。</p>
<p>电离辐射像空气一样,始终伴随着我们,但在人类历史上很长的一个时期人们都没有认识到它的存在。直到19世纪末,原子物理的发展催生出放射性、元素衰变等重大发现,人类才开始了解、利用乃至滥用电离辐射。因为健康是人类的基本追求,电离辐射也首当其冲的被利用于医疗领域。记得小时候读居里夫妇的传记,最为震撼的情节是他们把镭放在皮肤附近,观察自己被电离辐射灼伤的过程并做科学记录。尽管居里夫人因辐射相关疾病英年早逝,具有“神奇能量”的镭还是被用于各种离谱的医疗活动中,乃至作为治疗性添加剂被加入牙膏、化妆品和巧克力中。时至今日,美国历史最悠久的肿瘤研究与治疗协会的名称还叫“美国镭学会”。</p>
<p>1928年,几位夜光表厂的女工把工厂告上法庭。她们在工厂进行涂覆含镭涂料的工作中,因为经常需要舔舐沾满涂料的毛刷头以便涂刷,摄入大量放射性元素造成辐射病。这一事件,以及随后的广岛、长崎原子弹,以及切尔诺贝利核事故等事件,促使人们全面的认识电离辐射对人体的负面影响。</p>
<p>现代的辐射防护理论认为,电离辐射带来的生物效应主要可分为随机效应和确定性效应。其中确定性效应是电离辐射直接对人体造成的短期可见损伤,只有达到较高放射剂量的时候才会表现出来。广岛受难者和切尔诺贝利救援人员所患的辐射病,即是确定性效应的体现。以医疗照射的剂量,最多能引起随机效应。电离辐射有一定几率对遗传物质造成随机的破坏,从而引发癌症和遗传病,这就是随机效应。该效应一般需要较长的时间才能显现,因此尤其难以研究。婴幼儿受到随机效应的影响尤为显著,一方面因为他们在生长发育过程中,细胞代谢旺盛、细胞周期活跃,对辐射更为敏感;另一方面他们的预期寿命长,随机效应的影响更有可能被体现。对婴幼儿的随机效应研究意义便更加重大,然而因为缺乏合适的样本,这项研究也就更是难上加难。</p>
<p>在医疗领域,我们每天面临着大量两难选择。母亲失手把婴儿摔在地上,医生担心可能出现的脑损伤。各项常规检查结果没有明确的说服力,磁共振成像的效果也不好。此时,CT似乎成为首选的诊断方式。然而CT带来的电离辐射剂量对婴儿是可观的, CT的风险会不会比误诊的风险还要高得多?CT会不会给婴儿造成不可预见的其他后果?<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />队列研究是回答这类问题,帮助医生和患者做出合理选择的重要参考。近年来,CT在各国愈发普及,并已经逐步成为常规诊断方法,因此回答这一问题的需求就更加迫切。想要通过流行病手段研究CT对于婴幼儿的影响,首先遇到的困难就是缺乏样本。</p>
<p>讽刺的是,早期一种对放射性的“滥用”,却为队列研究埋下了伏笔,甚至催生出对辐射生物学效应的重新审视——将婴儿的头部电离辐射剂量与后期智力发展建立了联系。</p>
<p>1895年,伦琴发现了X射线。这一发现不仅是物理学的重大突破,也影响了工程技术、临床医学乃至流行文化。第一批放射医学的研究者由此诞生,其中就包括瑞典人斯塔贝克。他的伟大贡献中,最为人所知的就是他曾报道利用镭治疗了几例癌症患者,取得了不错的效果,这标志着20世纪肿瘤治疗的一种主要方法——肿瘤放射疗法的开端。斯塔贝克后来在斯德哥尔摩开设了瑞典第一家放射医学诊所,Radiumhemmet,直译过来就是“镭房子”。“镭房子”历经变迁,现已成为了世界著名的放射医学与核医学研究机构,并拥有高水平的临床团队。我们衡量人体所受电离辐射剂量的单位西弗(或称希沃特),就是用该机构一位科学家的名字命名的。</p>
<p>1920到1959年期间,这里大概收治了16500个18个月以下的皮肤血管瘤患儿。皮肤血管瘤是一种常见的、良性的新生儿肿瘤,一些情况下可自愈,现在对它的处理和治疗是比较温和的。作为一个放射医学诊所,“镭房子”对这些患儿开展的治疗放在今天足以骇人听闻——他们对其中89%的患儿采用放射疗法,对病灶进行辐照。虽然治疗确实取得了一定效果,但也埋下长久的祸根,很多孩子直到长大成人,才出现了治疗的副作用。</p>
<p>医疗机构对这些患儿的治疗过程留下了详细的病案,而且这些孩子大多依然可以追溯,因此,他们的不幸遭遇竟成为了生物医学研究的重要契机。这批昔日患儿在长大后参与了多项婴幼儿电离辐射相关的流行病学研究,为电离辐射的生物效应研究做出了伟大的奉献。这些研究阐述了胸部照射与乳房发育不全的关系(属于确定性效应),以及乳腺癌、脑瘤、甲状腺癌等多种癌症与婴儿时期电离辐射的关系(属于随机效应)。</p>
<p>2004年,瑞典、美国和希腊的研究团队对这一群体又做了一项研究,发表在著名的医学研究与临床期刊《英国医学杂志》上,引起了极大的关注。他们通过巧妙的实验设计,展示出研究对象的认知能力和婴儿时期头部受到的辐射剂量具有显著的相关性。此前,没有明确的证据表明婴儿时期的低剂量电离辐射会影响智力发育。之前的研究要么是辐射剂量过高,要么就是患者本来就有影响脑功能的基础疾病(如脑瘤),而这篇研究论文开篇便直接把矛头指向婴幼儿的CT,认为他们的研究对象对今天的CT检测具有特殊的参考价值。</p>
<p>既然研究的是认知能力发育,那么如何进行测量呢?他们选取的一个标准是高中在校率,这可以通过档案查阅。另一个标准很有趣,是来自军队的心理测验档案。瑞典从1901年开始实行义务兵役制,到2010年才废除。废除之前,瑞典18-24岁的男子必须服兵役。瑞典军队有一套沿用50年,仅有些许改动的心理测验体系。这一测试包括了一般指令与概念分辨、技术理解和空间认知水平几个项目,而这些测验结果基本可以反映认知能力。由于只有男子要服兵役,他们的对象也就限于男子。</p>
<p>在样本选择方面,他们在1930到1959年之间受到放射治疗的4577名男性患儿中,剔除了信息不全、服役记录和教育记录缺失者,对剩余的2211个对象进行了研究。然后,他们利用每个患儿的照射剂量和照射位置信息,计算出其大脑接受的吸收剂量。</p>
<p>接着,他们利用统计手段研究了大脑吸收剂量和高中在校率、心理测验结果之间的关联性,结果是惊人的。在高中在校率方面,大脑剂量超过100 mGy之后,这一指标就表现出明显的下降。考虑社会经济因素后,其趋势也没有什么变化。对心理测验分数的回归更加明显,对于一般指令与概念分辨、技术理解两个科目,成绩和大脑受照剂量呈现明显的负相关,而空间认知水平却没有显著的相关。这一结果同样不受其他已知变量的影响。</p>
<p>他们对文章的结论进行了概括。在此之前,人们知道高剂量的电离辐射会对人脑的发育及心理和智力产生负面影响,而不了解婴儿时期的低剂量暴露对认知有何微妙的影响。本文指出大脑暴露在“和CT等价的辐射剂量”的电离辐射下的婴儿,其智力发育也会受到负面影响。因此,他们认为对于头部受伤婴儿是否要用CT诊断这个问题,还需进一步斟酌。</p>
<p>对待前文提到的那个困惑的临床医生和患儿家属,这篇文章提供的具体帮助,除了提示慎重权衡的警醒作用外,其实是有限的。流行病学研究是有力的证据,但并非唯一的决断性证据。建立婴儿时期头部低剂量电离辐射与智力发育的关系,还有很长的路要走。上面讲到的文章,已经发表十多年了,对于本文标题提出的问题,我认为最谨慎的答案还是:我们尚无定论。</p>
<p>这篇文章,工作踏实,数据可靠,体现了作者良好的统计学素养。能够发表在《英国医学杂志》这样高水平的期刊上,虽有轰动效应为其助力,其文章本身的品质也是毋庸置疑的。但正如任何其他工作,本研究依然存在若干缺陷。文章发表之后,杂志网站上现已有13条读者反馈,有附议的,也有质疑的,足见讨论之热烈。有读者指出,本文展示的结果,在剂量超过100 mGy的时候才比较显著,然而这一数值远高于现代CT的典型剂量。接触式的放疗和CT所用X射线的品质可能差异巨大。同时,文章所引用的事后估算剂量恐与真实数值有严重偏差。此外,尚不能排除原来所患的血管瘤波及大脑影响智力发育的因素(根源是对照选取的不合理)。</p>
<p>对于质疑,作者有做了部分的回应。但是多年以来,讨论还在以各种形式延续。想要阐明这一问题,必须回答出对影响智力发育的机理。2004年美国科学家曾经评论,认为辐射对胸腺的影响可能导致了智力发育的抑制。去年12月,又有人发表了一个猜想,提出电离辐射对神经系统影响的复杂的、系统的信号通路模型。正如原文作者所说,无论研究的结果如何,都有很多的工作要做。</p>
<p>人类认识电离辐射的历史已经超过了一百年,然而我们对它还是所知甚少。人类对待电离辐射的态度,折射出公众对待很多新技术衍生的新事物的态度。从一开始的兴奋、狂热,演化到后来的畏惧、恐慌。我们期待能够看到有一天公众对于电离辐射能拥有和专家一致的看法:谨慎、平和。其实,公众态度的转变一方面要靠科学的发展揭示世界的本性,要靠技术的进步束紧驾驭的缰绳,更要靠文化的流传散播科学精神的模因。电离辐射如此,克隆技术如此,转基因农产品大抵也是如此。</p>
<p>主要参考文献:</p>
<ol>
<li>Hall, Per, et al. “Effect of low doses of ionising radiation in infancy on cognitive function in adulthood: Swedish population based cohort study.” BMJ 328.7430 (2004): 19.</li>
<li>Kardamakis, Dimitrios, et al. “The history of Radiumhemmet in Stockholm in the period 1895-1950. The transformation of an outpatient clinic to an academic department.” Vesalius: Acta Internationales Historiae Medicinae16.2 (2010): 95-99.</li>
<li>Hall, Per, et al. “Lenticular opacities in individuals exposed to ionizing radiation in infancy.” Radiation Research 152.2 (1999): 190-195.</li>
<li>Zakhvataev, Vladimir E. “Possible scenarios of the influence of low-dose ionizing radiation on neural functioning.” Medical Hypotheses 85.6 (2015): 723-735.</li>
<li>Fürst, C. J., et al. “Breast hypoplasia following irradiation of the female breast in infancy and early childhood.” Acta Oncologica 28.4 (1989): 519-523.</li>
<li>Lundell, Marie, and Lars-Erik Holm. “Risk of solid tumors after irradiation in infancy.” Acta Oncologica 34.6 (1995): 727-734.</li>
<li>Karlsson, Per, et al. “Intracranial tumors after exposure to ionizing radiation during infancy: a pooled analysis of two Swedish cohorts of 28,008 infants with skin hemangioma.” Radiation Research150.3 (1998): 357-364.</li>
</ol>
Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-27132234152353099182016-08-21T00:05:00.002-07:002016-08-24T10:14:36.779-07:00南开物候历 开篇词授权给:发微Faraway微信公共号<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: 仿宋; font-size: 11pt;">秀雚苇。狸子肈肆。湟潦生萍。爽死。荓秀。汉案户。寒蝉鸣。初昏,织女正东乡。时有霖雨。灌荼。斗柄悬在下,参中,则旦。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">这是写于春秋时代之前的《夏小正》给我们的预告。在那个年代的文明腹地,每年的这个时候,芦苇即将开花,霜将起,寒蝉将鸣。夏季银河大致呈南北走向,傍晚的织女星位于正东的天空,清晨时北斗的斗柄将指向下。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">由于气候变化,区位不同,加上名物失考,上面这段记录中涉及动植物的部分我已经无法验证了。幸而天体相对位置的变化时间尺度要比人类文明的更加漫长,我前不久在北京灵山附近彻夜观星,就真切的看到初昏的织女星从东方显现,黯淡的银河</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt;">突破城市光污染横亘南北,而破晓时分天文晨光中的北斗恰恰</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt;">斗柄悬在下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">生命经历了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">40</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">亿年</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt;">与环境的协同演化,早已把恒星运动的节律存储在遗传信息中。当进入农耕文明的人类祖先发现寒暑变化和农时的微妙关系,人们便制定了以年为周期的历法,从而指导农业活动。在斗转星移中,草木枯荣、候鸟往返、寒暑交迭。先辈农人就从这物候变迁中摸索出农事的节律。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">物候到了今天,已经从一种农耕技术演变成了一种系统的科学。随着全球气候变化问题的日益凸显和空间信息技术等相关学科的迅猛发展,物候学研究甚至获得了更高的关注度。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">2010</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">年以来,至少</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">6</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">篇</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">物候学主题的论文发表在</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">Nature</span></i><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">上,其中一篇还是由以我国科学家为核心的研究团队合作发表的。科学系统的物候记录在气候变化、碳循环、生物入侵等问题上展现出了别样的生命力。这是与几代物候观察者的努力分不开的,我国直至八十年代还出版全国性的物候观测年报,美国的物候观测网络则更加细致入微。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">几千年间,随着人和大地的疏离,物候观察是否从一个人人皆可参与(且必须参与)的日常事务,蜕变成为了必须借助大型科学装置和精密测量技术才能完成的科学活动?当然不是。尽管星空已经因为光污染而黯然失色,那些星座的连线却大多有迹可寻。物候变化是生物圈中的斗转星移,它依然忠实的在我们身边传递着生命节律的信息。物候变迁的踪迹看似无处可寻却无处不在,老图门口的暴马丁香,西园草坪的委陵菜,飘散城乡的杨絮,都是物候的信息。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">在这个意义上,物候在当代更加凸显的是其博物学价值。博物学渗透的是对周遭世界的观察、记录、分类、归纳,是一种地方性的知识。当春天到来,冰皮始解,积雪消融,蜡梅、迎春、堇菜、紫丁香次第开放,大杜鹃、雨燕、白鹭如约回归,物候的使命就是寻找这些踪迹并将其记录下来。在这个意义上,物候又是博物学的频谱。公众参与的物候观察,是对那些我们</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">视而不见</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">的自然事物的深层次再观察,这种观察不仅产生视觉,也渗透理论。这就是博物学视野下的物候实践。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">可喜的是,南开是有博物学传统的。据考证,南开建校初期即有博物学课程。到了本世纪初,博物文化在中国重新开始流行的时候,南开也发出了超时代的先声。从小喜爱水生生物的杨晔学长,在南开大学组织了学生社团</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">诺亚协会</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">,组织同学们从事了很多博物学的活动。虽然协会已经不复存在,但这一笔宝贵的博物文化遗产哺育了很多南开校友。在老我爱南开</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">BBS</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">NaturalHistory</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">Flowers</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">等板块,博物爱好者的线上线下活动又延续了多年,至今相互之间仍有联系。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">近年来,高校中和社会上博物文化在重新兴起,南开大学的群众性的博物学的发展步伐依然稳健。生命科学学院的师生和学生组织一直以来维系着南开自然观察的使命,一些盈利和非营利性质的民间组织也进入校园活动(八里台校园有着难得的自然教育条件)。有鉴于此,南开大学团委和南开大学绿色行动小组也组织了三次</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">博物科普论坛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">,致力于推广博物学和植物学文化。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">近年来,南开的博物学传统在个别热心人士的力推之下,也始终延绵不绝,精彩纷呈。比如,我们今天可以看到一段渗透着博物学观察的南开物候笔记,这算是南开之幸事,也是南开人之幸事。《南开花事》是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">2015</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">年初面世的一部小书,它是曾在南开求学十年的校友莫训强博士的作品。莫训强,或者我们叫他</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">虫哥</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">,是我知道对八里台校园植物最稔熟的人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">2011</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">年春季,他走遍了八里台校园,记录下了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11pt;">115</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">中开花植物的初花期,并用图片和文字展示出植物的特殊魅力,形成了这部作品。这本书从物候的角度展示了八里台校园的风貌,是南开的博物文化名片。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">除此之外,或许还存在一些私人的南开物候记录,是我不知道的。在北京大学,绿色生命协会的同学已经沿着固定的物候调查路线完成了数百次行走考察,积累了七年的物候资料。虫哥曾经告诉我,他也希望南开能开展物候观察的活动,甚至他还对同学进行过培训,可惜最后没有了下文。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">作为南开校友,我希望看到南开博物文化的复兴。南开具有特殊的文化土壤,我们不能让这样一种优秀的文化传统在我们这代南开人中间消退。我希望</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">南开物候历</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11pt;">这个栏目,能够唤起更多南开人对草木鸟兽和自然万象的兴趣,能让更多的师生校友和关心南开的社会各界人士对身边发悄然发生的自然变化产生进一步的了解。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 11.5pt;">长空雁过之时,犹待千春华姿。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-90542859166969942082016-08-20T22:19:00.002-07:002016-08-21T07:17:55.081-07:00个人输入法词频统计<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
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2016-03-05</div>
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近来我的计算机出了一些问题,而我在修复过程中重装了输入法,差点把我积累八、九年的用户字典给弄没了。</div>
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然而我还是在备份机器上找到了截至去年圣诞节的数据。拿到数据之后我突发奇想的提取了我个人在这若干年内的用户数据,并对其按照频率进行了排序。</div>
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这个列表显然反应了汉语以及我个人语言习惯的某些特征,但是要考虑到谷歌输入法的输入单元是较为灵活的,故它没有直接的语言学意义。无论如何,它还是能反映一些东西出来的。</div>
<style type="text/css">
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<br />
<table class="tg">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="tg-yw4l">序号</th>
<th class="tg-yw4l">词</th>
<th class="tg-yw4l">频数</th>
<th class="tg-yw4l"></th>
<th class="tg-yw4l">序号</th>
<th class="tg-yw4l">词</th>
<th class="tg-yw4l">频数</th>
<th class="tg-yw4l"></th>
<th class="tg-yw4l">序号</th>
<th class="tg-yw4l">词</th>
<th class="tg-yw4l">频数</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">我</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">30208</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">51</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">很</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1702</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">101</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">不要</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1222</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">2</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">是</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">16458</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">52</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">化学</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1699</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">102</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">也是</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1216</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">3</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">的</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">15665</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">53</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">到</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1690</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">103</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">而且</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1216</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">4</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">在</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">12017</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">54</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">能</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1687</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">104</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">这</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1215</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">5</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">和</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">11628</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">55</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">被</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1677</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">105</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">材料</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1204</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">6</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">你</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">9534</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">56</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">再</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1670</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">106</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">下</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1177</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">7</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">我们</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">5432</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">57</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">呃</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1668</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">107</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">或者</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1168</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">8</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">这个</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">5253</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">58</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">呢</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1655</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">108</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">感觉</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1167</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">9</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">有</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">5098</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">59</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">觉得</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1626</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">109</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">北京大学</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1161</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">10</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">但是</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">4984</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">60</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">不</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1617</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">110</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">发现</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1160</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">11</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">一个</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">4682</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">61</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">什么</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1616</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">111</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">你的</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1159</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">12</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">可以</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">4669</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">62</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">因为</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1604</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">112</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">看</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1149</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">13</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">了</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">4514</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">63</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">应该</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1599</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">113</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">很多</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1147</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">14</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">对</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">4307</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">64</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">等</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1584</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">114</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">活动</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1128</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">15</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">就</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">4122</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">65</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">我的</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1584</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">115</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">我是</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1125</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">16</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">么</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">4076</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">66</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">非常</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1563</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">116</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">作为</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1122</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">17</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">没有</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">4059</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">67</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">不过</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1553</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">117</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">对于</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1113</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">18</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">也</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">3931</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">68</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">而</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1546</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">118</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">东西</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1106</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">19</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">吧</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">3744</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">69</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">话</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1545</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">119</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">以</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1105</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">20</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">去</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">3369</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">70</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">来</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1530</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">120</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">求</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1094</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">21</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">都</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">3322</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">71</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">一下</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1514</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">121</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">学校</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1075</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">22</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">他</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">3317</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">72</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">年</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1499</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">122</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">将</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1075</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">23</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">不是</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">3092</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">73</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">自己</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1485</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">123</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">今天</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1066</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">24</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">如果</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">2852</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">74</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">还有</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1466</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">124</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">方法</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1065</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">25</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">问题</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">2851</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">75</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">还</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1462</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">125</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">月</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1059</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">26</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">还是</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">2575</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">76</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">这是</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1458</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">126</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">知道</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1059</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">27</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">用</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">2562</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">77</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">个</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1440</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">127</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">写</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1057</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">28</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">要</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">2514</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">78</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">进行</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1433</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">128</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">化工</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1057</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">29</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">把</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">2488</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">79</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">给</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1428</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">129</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">希望</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1055</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">30</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">就是</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">2467</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">80</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">一些</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1427</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">130</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">啊</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1046</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">31</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">你们</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">2460</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">81</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">可能</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1403</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">131</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">虽然</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1030</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">32</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">做</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">2440</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">82</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">同学</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1402</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">132</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">不能</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1029</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">33</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">现在</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">2363</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">83</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">您</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1398</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">133</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">天大</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1027</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">34</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">上</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">2343</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">84</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">为</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1390</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">134</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">怎么</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1022</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">35</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">时候</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">2269</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">85</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">所以</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1371</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">36</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">【我的名字】</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">2206</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">86</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">研究</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1369</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">37</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">会</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">2195</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">87</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">然后</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1345</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">38</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">他们</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">2165</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">88</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">嗯</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1324</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">39</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">那个</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">2013</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">89</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">都是</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1323</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">40</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">已经</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1984</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">90</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">需要</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1321</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">41</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">其实</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1966</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">91</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">南开大学</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1313</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">42</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">老师</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1945</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">92</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">想</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1304</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">43</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">南开</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1937</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">93</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">看到</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1302</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">44</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">与</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1934</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">94</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">其</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1295</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">45</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">人</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1917</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">95</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">不知道</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1295</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">46</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">说</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1916</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">96</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">文章</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1290</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">47</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">好</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1912</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">97</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">实验室</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1273</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">48</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">中</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1862</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">98</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">请</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1272</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-6k2t">49</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">从</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1858</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">99</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">并</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t">1250</td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
<td class="tg-6k2t"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">50</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">这样</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1781</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">100</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">比较</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1249</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
<td class="tg-yw4l"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="line-height: 25.2px;">基于上面的语料,我又写了两段小程序处理了一下,得到一个非常好玩而且有一定实际意义的字频分布。下面是我的100大常用字:</span></div>
<style type="text/css">
.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;border-color:#ccc;}
.tg td{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:#ccc;color:#333;background-color:#fff;}
.tg th{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:normal;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:#ccc;color:#333;background-color:#f0f0f0;}
.tg .tg-9hbo{font-weight:bold;vertical-align:top}
.tg .tg-b7b8{background-color:#f9f9f9;vertical-align:top}
.tg .tg-yw4l{vertical-align:top}
</style>
<br />
<table class="tg">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="tg-9hbo">序号</th>
<th class="tg-9hbo">字</th>
<th class="tg-9hbo">频数</th>
<th class="tg-9hbo">频率</th>
<th class="tg-9hbo">累积频率</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">1</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">我</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">59270</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.023632904</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.023632904</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">2</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">是</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">56673</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.022597395</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.046230299</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">3</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">不</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">38960</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.015534637</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.061764936</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">4</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">的</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">36614</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.01459921</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.076364145</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">5</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">一</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">34877</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.01390661</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.090270756</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">6</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">学</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">32906</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.013120708</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.103391463</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">7</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">有</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">29132</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.011615889</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.115007353</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">8</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">你</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">26895</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.010723924</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.125731276</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">9</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">个</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">23697</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.009448776</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.135180052</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">10</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">在</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">22180</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.008843898</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.144023949</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">11</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">这</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">21060</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.008397317</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.152421266</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">12</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">大</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">18909</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.007539642</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.159960908</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">13</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">要</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">14589</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.005817116</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.165778024</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">14</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">们</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">14343</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.005719027</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.171497051</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">15</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">和</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">13877</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.005533218</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.177030269</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">16</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">了</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">13852</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.005523249</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.182553518</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">17</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">以</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">13418</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.005350199</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.187903717</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">18</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">么</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">13277</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.005293978</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.193197695</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">19</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">好</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">13213</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.005268459</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.198466154</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">20</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">人</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">12682</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.005056732</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.203522886</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">21</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">没</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">12092</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.004821479</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.208344365</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">22</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">就</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">11870</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.004732961</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.213077325</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">23</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">化</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">11745</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.004683119</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.217760444</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">24</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">生</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">11588</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.004620518</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.222380962</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">25</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">到</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">11489</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.004581043</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.226962006</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">26</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">可</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">11440</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.004561505</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.231523511</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">27</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">能</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">11023</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.004395234</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.235918745</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">28</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">上</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">10906</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.004348582</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.240267327</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">29</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">来</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">10646</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.004244911</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.244512238</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">30</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">会</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">10566</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.004213013</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.248725251</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">31</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">中</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">10444</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.004164367</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.252889618</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">32</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">分</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">10408</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.004150013</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.257039631</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">33</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">天</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">10400</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.004146823</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.261186454</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">34</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">对</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">10385</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.004140842</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.265327296</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">35</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">也</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">10306</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.004109342</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.269436638</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">36</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">子</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">10282</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.004099773</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.273536411</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">37</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">还</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">10172</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.004055912</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.277592323</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">38</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">实</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">10139</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.004042754</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.281635076</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">39</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">他</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">10082</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.004020026</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.285655102</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">40</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">为</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">9970</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.003975368</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.28963047</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">41</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">用</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">9913</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.00395264</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.29358311</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">42</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">过</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">9898</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.003946659</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.297529769</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">43</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">说</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">9877</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.003938286</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.301468055</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">44</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">下</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">9489</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.003783577</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.305251632</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">45</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">时</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">9282</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.00370104</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.308952672</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">46</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">物</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">8870</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.003536762</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.312489434</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">47</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">那</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">8603</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.0034303</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.315919733</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">48</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">文</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">8414</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.003354939</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.319274673</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">49</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">看</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">8359</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.003333009</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.322607682</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">50</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">开</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">8199</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.003269212</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.325876894</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">51</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">工</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">8190</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.003265623</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.329142517</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">52</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">发</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">8100</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.003229737</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.332372254</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">53</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">多</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">8025</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.003199832</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.335572086</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">54</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">得</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">7815</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.003116098</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.338688184</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">55</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">科</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">7806</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.00311251</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.341800694</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">56</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">去</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">7803</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.003111313</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.344912008</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">57</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">都</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">7736</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.003084598</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.347996606</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">58</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">理</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">7690</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.003066257</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.351062863</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">59</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">于</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">7385</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.002944643</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.354007506</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">60</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">很</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">7349</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.002930289</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.356937794</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">61</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">本</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">7251</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.002891213</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.359829007</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">62</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">然</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">7215</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.002876858</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.362705866</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">63</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">问</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">7114</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.002836586</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.365542452</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">64</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">方</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">6914</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.00275684</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.368299292</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">65</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">后</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">6851</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.00273172</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.371031012</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">66</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">行</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">6704</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.002673106</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.373704118</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">67</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">成</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">6695</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.002669517</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.376373635</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">68</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">作</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">6671</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.002659948</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.379033583</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">69</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">现</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">6572</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.002620473</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.381654056</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">70</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">如</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">6570</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.002619676</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.384273732</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">71</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">题</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">6543</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.00260891</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.386882642</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">72</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">出</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">6460</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.002575815</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.389458457</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">73</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">想</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">6290</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.00250803</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.391966487</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">74</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">定</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">6098</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.002431474</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.394397961</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">75</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">其</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">6084</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.002425891</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.396823853</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">76</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">但</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">6053</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.002413531</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.399237383</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">77</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">同</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">5987</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.002387214</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.401624598</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">78</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">面</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">5841</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.002328999</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.403953597</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">79</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">吧</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">5779</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.002304278</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.406257875</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">80</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">做</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">5634</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.002246462</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.408504337</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">81</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">老</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">5594</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.002230512</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.410734849</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">82</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">自</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">5559</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.002216557</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.412951406</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">83</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">应</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">5541</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.002209379</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.415160785</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">84</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">年</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">5516</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.002199411</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.417360196</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">85</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">国</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">5494</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.002190639</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.419550835</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">86</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">南</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">5460</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.002177082</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.421727917</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">87</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">体</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">5441</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.002169506</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.423897424</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">88</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">师</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">5416</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.002159538</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.426056961</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">89</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">经</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">5388</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.002148373</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.428205335</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">90</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">程</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">5383</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.00214638</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.430351714</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">91</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">道</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">5380</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.002145183</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.432496898</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">92</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">性</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">5352</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.002134019</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.434630917</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">93</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">给</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">5328</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.002124449</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.436755366</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">94</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">里</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">5219</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.002080987</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.438836354</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">95</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">高</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">5111</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.002037924</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.440874278</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">96</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">知</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">5061</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.002017988</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.442892266</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">97</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">合</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">5044</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.002011209</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.444903475</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">98</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">果</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">5012</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.00199845</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.446901924</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-b7b8">99</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">小</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">4928</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.001964956</td>
<td class="tg-b7b8">0.448866881</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">100</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">点</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">4904</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.001955387</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.450822267</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
汇总统计如下,下面显示至少要多少个单字才能覆盖总字频的比率。</div>
<table class="tg">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th class="tg-9hbo">累积频率</th>
<th class="tg-9hbo">字数</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">4675</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.99</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">2221</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.95</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">1224</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.9</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">829</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.8</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">483</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.75</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">384</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-yw4l">0.5</td>
<td class="tg-yw4l">128</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="line-height: 25.2px;">这告诉了我们一些有趣的事实:</span></div>
<ol>
<li>我这么多年用Google输入法一共才输入了4675个不同的汉字,我相信我认识的字数比这多多了。一则事实是,新版的新华字典收录汉字万余。保守估计我能认识八、九千。也就是说,汉字识读率是远高于实际使用率的。</li>
<li>我超喜欢说“我”,实际上我大约每50个字就会出现一次“我”。但是这一条一共39个汉字,就出现了五个“我”。</li>
<li>我是一个学渣,然而我的前10大常用字中,第一个非小品词的字居然是“学”!</li>
<li>最常用的“纯粹的”动词是“有”(“是”词性复杂,“学”动、名两可,“有”最主要的功能是作动词)。最常用的实意动词是“要”。</li>
<li>前十大常用字可以组成句子“你是不是在学一?”所以请和我多约饭。</li>
<li>“化”排23,“生”排24,“工”甚至没有进前50。但是我依然不是生狗或砖工,我依然是工程师。</li>
<li>有430个字,我用过一次之后就再也不用了。</li>
<li>有1538个字,我用过的次数不超过10次,相当于近1/3的字出现的总频率只有千分之二。</li>
<li>想理解我的一半的语言,最少只需要认识128个字就行了。在此基础上再认识700个字,就可以认识我的九成语言了。然而想要理解我99%的汉字,在90%的基础上则要再认识1392个汉字,可见识字的边际效用递减。</li>
<li>这么多年,我一共用Google输入法输入了2,507,944个字,相当于写了三本半的《红楼梦》。需要csv格式的全部数据的请私下联系我,因为词频中可能包含一些个人识别信息,所以只提供给我能够信任的人。</li>
</ol>
Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-2075881029122495222016-08-20T22:18:00.001-07:002016-08-20T22:18:24.555-07:00甲卡西酮的诞生——一点历史钩沉<div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="font-family: tahoma, helvetica, simsun, sans-serif, hei;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px;">2016-1-17</span></span><br />
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要说甲卡西酮的发现,得从麻黄碱的发现开始。</div>
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1924年,后来成为药学大师的陈克恢还是协和医学院的助教。他的课题是研究中药麻黄中的活性物质,麻黄碱。这个分子1887年已经由日本科学家从麻黄中分离出来,而陈克恢当时的工作初步阐明了麻黄碱的药理功效,并在当年发表了论文。这篇文章发表后,西方药学界对麻黄碱这个分子产生了浓厚的兴趣,进行了大量的药学研究,麻黄碱也在1926年就被批准为新药。和人们熟知的青蒿素类似,这也是一个中药中的物质最终被现代医学发现并分离,用于制药工业的故事。现在,麻黄碱及其衍生物在临床上多有应用。我们常吃的感冒药就有一些添加了具有缓解症状功能的麻黄碱衍生物成分。</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
研究一个分子的药理学特性,一个重要的工作就是研究它的类似物。类似物是在结构上具有某些相似性,但又不完全相同的分子。对于类似物的结构-功能关系研究不仅有助于我们理解药物的作用机制,也有助于新药的开发。1928年,伊利诺伊大学的两位博士生Hyde和Browning在博士论文课题中就做了几种麻黄碱类似物的研究。当时的化学合成技术还十分低端,他们用了很简陋的方法合成了十二种麻黄碱的类似物。这些分子被送到美国著名的私立医院梅奥诊所的医生Kendall那里,直接进行临床试验,但它们的效果都不很显著。Kendall后来因为在肾上腺皮质激素方面的工作于1950年获得诺贝尔生理学和医学奖,同时他也是有机命名反应Kendall-Mattox反应的报道者。</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
实际上,在他们合成那十二种分子的时候,已经得到了一种生物活性很强的药物。然而他们为了追求和麻黄碱分子的“形似”,又在这个药物的基础上做了一点微不足道的修改才拿去测试。而修改之后的分子效果反倒很弱了。说起来这个修改前的、生物活性很强的分子,它就是甲卡西酮。</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
1957年,一份美国专利颁发给了底特律的一家公司,其保护的内容就是这个甲卡西酮分子。现在没有资料表明他们是如何想到测试这个分子的生物活性的,但是根据专利信息显示,这个分子的中枢神经刺激作用要明显高于著名的中枢神经刺激药物安非他命。</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-29993079362891859212016-08-20T22:16:00.004-07:002016-08-20T22:18:48.593-07:00资格考试回忆<div style="background-color: white; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="font-family: tahoma, helvetica, simsun, sans-serif, hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">2015-8-27</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: , , "simkai"; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , , "simkai"; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">这是我参加资格考试之后的回忆。原文用LaTeX写的,转过来没有仔细调整,特别是公式。请读者包涵。</span></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="font-family: , , "simkai"; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">如果有老师或师弟师妹感兴趣,请email联系我索取PDF。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
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<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
我查看了一下Honor Code,发现考后公开考题的行为是被允许的,因此便留下这一考题回忆。一方面造福后来者,另一方面也是给关心的人一个交代。</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
从这些问题中可以看出,两位中国老师的问题还是非常贴心的,他们只是想让你重复展现一下对领域的了解程度。而美国老师的问题较为凶狠,也更加棘手。两位中国老师的英文表达水平其实要好于美国老师,美国老师口音很重。</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
1.席鹏老师</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
席鹏老师第一个提问,我本来期待他问一些更偏工程和光学的东西,实际上他问的还是以生物医学问题为主。</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin: 1em 2em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<li style="list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
什么是细胞?</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
细胞是多数生物生命活动的基本单位,它由核、膜系统和原生质组成。它通过代谢利用能量、消耗负熵以维持生命活动,是生化过程和分子生物学过程的发生场所。</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin: 1em 2em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<li style="list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
细胞有多大?</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
细胞的大小可以相差很大,对我我们研究的真核生物细胞来说,绝大多数的细胞位于1-10 <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>&#x03BC;</mi></math>" id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;" tabindex="0"><nobr aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-1" role="math" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.796em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.626em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1.363em 1000.63em 2.384em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.981em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-2" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-3" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">μ</span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.987em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span><span style="border-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.004em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.354em; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); display: inline; float: none; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important; word-wrap: break-word;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>μ</mi></math></span></span>m 之间。</div>
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细胞膜的作用?</div>
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细胞膜构成了细胞的物理屏障。首先,细胞膜确定了细胞的界限,并向内沟通了膜系统。其次,细胞膜是细胞与外界发生物质、能量、信息交换的接口。第三,细胞膜维持了化学势差和电位差,并且细胞表面的通道和受体是物质传递过程的接口。第四,细胞膜表面表达的一些蛋白在细胞通讯等过程中具有重要作用。我还编了一些,现在记不住了。</div>
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癌细胞和来源的组织细胞有什么形态和大小的差异。</div>
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在EMT过程中,细胞表面的粘附蛋白、细胞外基质等分子发生改变,会导致细胞形态的变化。(感谢陈兴老师,这个问题我email请教过他)。具体的变化我没有机会观察,也无法推断其大小差异。</div>
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你观察过正常细胞么?如何制备的样品?</div>
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我观察过正常组织细胞,但是不是我自己制样的。我既观察过简单装片,又观察过石蜡包埋切片的标本。我把这两种技术和染色方法简单的描述了一下。</div>
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什么是纳米材料,为什么使用纳米材料来做分子影像?</div>
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其实我一贯反对纳米材料这个概念,我认为纳米材料是个伪概念,它的外延和内涵都不清晰。现在越来越多的人和我一样拒绝提及纳米。所以这个问题我没有正面回答。我说传统上对纳米粒子的定义是,尺度处于1-100 nm之间的零到三维材料,但是现在这些定义已经过时了,小于1 nm和几百nm的聚合物、纳米晶等也可称为纳米材料。</div>
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纳米材料并没有什么共通的优势,但不同的纳米材料各有各的优势,比如……。传统上人们总结的纳米材料的优势包括:纳米尺寸和表面效应、纳米限域效应(特别是荧光材料)、EPR效应等。我觉得他们总结的这些东西并不普适。</div>
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其实现在的纳米粒子很少能用到临床影像上。</div>
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纳米粒子为什么不能用在临床上?</div>
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我谈了毒性、监管等问题。</div>
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如何降低纳米材料,比如量子点,的毒性?</div>
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量子点的话,可以做成壳-核结构,也可以在外面包覆其他物质,或者可以改变表面性质使其更容易排出。</div>
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好了,那么现在量子点的毒性问题解决了,那么如何用在临床上?</div>
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这里只解决了细胞毒性的问题。而毒性是个多层次的概念,包括急性毒性、慢性毒性、环境毒性、细胞毒性等等非常复杂。关于量子点的纳米毒理,我们还有好多东西没搞清楚。</div>
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2. Ajit Yoganathan</div>
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Ajit了解到我的化工背景,就问的非常工程。</div>
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什么是量子点?</div>
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我解释了传统上量子点是具有荧光性质的半导体纳米晶,现在这个概念已经扩大了,任何尺寸在几纳米范围内具有荧光的材料都可以被称为量子点。</div>
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癌细胞相比正常细胞有何特点?</div>
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我大概讲了一遍最新版的Weinberg的Hallmarks of Cancer。</div>
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癌细胞如何迁移扩散(远隔转移)?</div>
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我大概画图讲了一下细胞转化-局部侵染-血管新生-EMT-循环扩散-贴附锚定-MET-形成转移灶这样的过程。</div>
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根据你讲的过程,有没有什么工程化的方法去进行控制?</div>
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我恰好知道一家公司正在做相关的产品研发,他们想用一个筛子筛选血液中的各种细胞,并把CTC截留掉,让正常的血细胞和血液成分过去。</div>
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这个方法主要的困难是什么?</div>
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首先,CTC虽然比血细胞大,但不是大上数量级那种,只是略大。通过化工的原理我们知道,这样的话分离效率注定很低。</div>
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血细胞和CTC的差距有多少?分别是多大?</div>
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这个我真是不清楚了。</div>
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血液的组成是什么?</div>
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有血浆、红细胞、白细胞和血小板。</div>
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血细胞分别有什么功能?</div>
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红细胞的功能主要就是运输氧气和二氧化碳。白细胞在免疫方面有用处,另外还有很多其他的用处,比如维持稳态。血小板主要参与凝血过程。凝血过程也需要其他的细胞参与,比如我刚才说白细胞维持稳态就包括参与凝血过程。</div>
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靶向药物是什么设计的?</div>
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我讲解了Weissleder提出的“靶向部分-连接部分-信号部分”的设计准则。</div>
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这个问题我没有理解,经过多轮的确认和重述,最后我还是没有理解他想表达什么。席老师和李老师大概解释是想让我推导靶向药物在靶组织处的富集过程模型。</div>
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我一开始理解成他让我描述光子在组织中传输的数学模型(Monte-Carlo和加倍法等光子传输方程法),但是李老师提示了我Yoganathan博士的本意。</div>
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当时我也比较紧张,没有领会到问题的实质就是推导药代动力学方程。因此我一开始就按照热力学和传递过程中的基本建模思路,开始划分体系与环境。</div>
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研究的参数自然是药物浓度。那么靶组织就是系统,整个循环系统就是环境。我这里假设整个循环系统(主要是血液)是完全联通,理想扩散的,因此其须药物浓度保持恒定。</div>
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接着我扩展了模型,考虑了药物清除的问题(经肾、经肝、经呼吸等)。最后,我考虑了脱靶的药物浓聚(OffTarget, OT)。经过两次修正,我认为这个模型已经比较完整了。这一过程如图1所示。</div>
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图1 药物代谢模型</div>
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这时Yoganathan博士要求我把方程写出来。模型结构已经清楚了,那么方程就迎刃而解了。我一开始先把动力学关系画了出来,如图1的子图d所示。然后写的时候想到要先做衡算,这个里面显然只能做质量衡算(物料衡算)。</div>
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display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">V<span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.173em; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; left: 0.57em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.852em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-44" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-45" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-46" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-47" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-48" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">O</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-49" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">T</span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-50" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">,</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-51" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">i</span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-52" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 2.27em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em 1000.74em 4.198em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-53" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">C<span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; left: 0.74em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.852em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-54" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-55" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-56" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-57" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-58" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">O</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-59" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">T</span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-60" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">,</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-61" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">i</span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-62" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">−</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-63" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.25em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em 1000.74em 4.198em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-64" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">F<span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; left: 0.626em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.852em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-65" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-66" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-67" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">O</span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span><span style="border-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.432em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.425em; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); display: inline; float: none; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important; word-wrap: break-word;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><munder><mo>∑</mo><mi>i</mi></munder><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi></mrow><mo>,</mo><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi></mrow><mo>,</mo><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>−</mo><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi></mrow></msub></math></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
其中,<span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>V</mi></math>" id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;" tabindex="0"><nobr aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-68" role="math" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.967em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.74em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1.137em 1000.74em 2.157em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.981em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-69" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-70" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">V<span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.173em; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.987em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span><span style="border-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.004em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.068em; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); display: inline; float: none; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important; word-wrap: break-word;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>V</mi></math></span></span>是体积,<span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>C</mi></math>" id="MathJax-Element-4-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;" tabindex="0"><nobr aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-71" role="math" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.023em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.796em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1.137em 1000.8em 2.157em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.981em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-72" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-73" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">C<span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.987em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span><span style="border-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.075em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.068em; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); display: inline; float: none; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important; word-wrap: break-word;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>C</mi></math></span></span>是浓度,<span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>F</mi></math>" id="MathJax-Element-5-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;" tabindex="0"><nobr aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-74" role="math" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.967em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.74em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1.137em 1000.74em 2.157em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.981em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-75" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-76" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">F<span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.116em; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.987em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span><span style="border-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.004em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.068em; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); display: inline; float: none; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important; word-wrap: break-word;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>F</mi></math></span></span>是排出量(对应于化工中的流率)。I、E、T、OT和O分别代表注射、循环、靶组织、非靶组织和排出,如图1所示。</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
接着我列了动力学方程,假设各项传递过程都是一级过程。当时的公式写错了,忘记写反向扩散的一项,相当于是一个初态的方程。写完后Yoganathan博士提醒我这是个动力学系统,但是我没有会意。他的英文实在是太难理解了。下面是正确的公式:</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>k</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi></mrow></mrow></msup><mfrac><mrow><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mrow><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>&#x2212;</mo><msup><mi>k</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow></mrow></msup><mfrac><mrow><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mrow><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac></math>" id="MathJax-Element-6-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;" tabindex="0"><nobr aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-77" role="math" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 13.098em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 10.377em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1.137em 1010.38em 2.894em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-78" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-79" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.307em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em 1000.74em 4.198em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-80" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">C<span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; left: 0.74em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.852em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-81" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-82" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-83" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">T</span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-84" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">=</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-85" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.59em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em 1000.51em 4.198em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-86" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">k</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; left: 0.513em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.362em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-87" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-88" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-89" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-90" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-91" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">E</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-92" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">T</span></span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-93" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.42em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em 1001.31em 4.311em -999.997em); left: 12.5156px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.621em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.532em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-94" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-95" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-96" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-97" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">d</span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-98" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.91em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em 1000.51em 4.198em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-99" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">C<span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; left: 0.513em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.909em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-100" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-101" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-102" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">E</span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em 1000.63em 4.198em -999.997em); left: 12.5156px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.337em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.625em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-103" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-104" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-105" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-106" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">d</span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-107" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">t</span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em 1001.42em 1.25em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border-color: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.42em; word-wrap: break-word;"></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-108" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">−</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-109" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.59em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em 1000.51em 4.198em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-110" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">k</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; left: 0.513em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.362em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-111" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-112" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-113" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-114" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-115" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">T</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-116" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">E</span></span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-117" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.42em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em 1001.31em 4.311em -999.997em); left: 12.5156px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.677em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.532em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-118" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-119" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-120" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-121" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">d</span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-122" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.91em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em 1000.51em 4.198em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-123" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">C<span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; left: 0.513em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.909em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-124" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-125" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-126" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">T</span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em 1000.63em 4.198em -999.997em); left: 12.5156px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.337em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.625em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-127" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-128" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-129" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-130" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">d</span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-131" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">t</span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em 1001.42em 1.25em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border-color: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.42em; word-wrap: break-word;"></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span><span style="border-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.932em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.568em; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); display: inline; float: none; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important; word-wrap: break-word;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>k</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi></mrow></mrow></msup><mfrac><mrow><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mrow><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>−</mo><msup><mi>k</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow></mrow></msup><mfrac><mrow><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mrow><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac></math></span></span></div>
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direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;" tabindex="0"><nobr aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-132" role="math" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 17.35em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 13.778em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1.08em 1013.78em 2.894em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2.321em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-133" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-134" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 2.27em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em 1000.74em 4.198em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-135" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">C<span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; left: 0.74em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.852em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-136" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-137" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-138" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-139" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-140" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">O</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-141" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">T</span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-142" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">,</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-143" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">i</span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-144" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">=</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-145" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.286em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 2.384em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em 1000.51em 4.198em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-146" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">k</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; left: 0.513em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.362em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-147" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-148" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-149" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.76em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em 1001.53em 4.198em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-150" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-151" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-152" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">E</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-153" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">O</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-154" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">T</span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; left: 1.533em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.909em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-155" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">i</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-156" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.42em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em 1001.31em 4.311em -999.997em); left: 12.5156px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.621em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.532em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-157" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-158" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-159" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-160" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">d</span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-161" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.91em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em 1000.51em 4.198em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-162" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">C<span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; left: 0.513em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.909em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-163" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-164" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-165" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">E</span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em 1000.63em 4.198em -999.997em); left: 12.5156px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.337em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.625em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-166" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-167" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; 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left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border-color: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 1.42em; word-wrap: break-word;"></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-171" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">−</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-172" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.23em; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 2.384em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em 1000.51em 4.198em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-173" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">k</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; left: 0.513em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.362em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-174" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-175" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-176" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.307em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em 1001.02em 4.198em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-177" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-178" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-179" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">O</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-180" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">T</span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; left: 1.08em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.909em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-181" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">i</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-182" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-183" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-184" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">E</span></span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mfrac" id="MathJax-Span-185" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px 0.116em; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 2.27em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em 1002.1em 4.311em -999.997em); left: 20.0156px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -1.074em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.589em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-186" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-187" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-188" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-189" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">d</span></span></span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-190" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.307em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em 1000.51em 4.198em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-191" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">C<span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.06em; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; left: 0.513em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.909em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-192" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-193" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-194" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">O</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-195" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">T</span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-196" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">,</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-197" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">i</span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.348em 1000.63em 4.198em -999.997em); left: 20.0156px; margin: 0px 0px 0px -0.337em; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -3.625em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-198" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-199" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-200" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-201" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">d</span></span></span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-202" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">t</span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(0.853em 1002.27em 1.25em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.301em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border-color: initial; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1.3px 0px 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0.003em; width: 2.27em; word-wrap: break-word;"></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.08em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.327em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span><span style="border-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.004em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.568em; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); display: inline; float: none; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important; word-wrap: break-word;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi></mrow><mo>,</mo><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>k</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><msub><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi></mrow><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow></msup><mfrac><mrow><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mrow><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>−</mo><msup><mi>k</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><msub><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi></mrow><mi>i</mi></msub><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi></mrow></mrow></msup><mfrac><mrow><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>i</mi></mrow><mrow><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac></math></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
其中<span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>k</mi></math>" id="MathJax-Element-8-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;" tabindex="0"><nobr aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-203" role="math" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.683em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.513em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1.137em 1000.51em 2.157em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.981em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-204" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-205" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">k</span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.987em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span><span style="border-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.004em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.068em; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); display: inline; float: none; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important; word-wrap: break-word;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>k</mi></math></span></span>是待定常数。Yoganathan博士问我了一些微分方程稳定性之类的特理论的东西,我说这个微分方程的参数(<span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>V</mi></math>" id="MathJax-Element-9-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;" tabindex="0"><nobr aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-206" role="math" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.967em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.74em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1.137em 1000.74em 2.157em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.981em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-207" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-208" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">V<span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.173em; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.987em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span><span style="border-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.004em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.068em; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); display: inline; float: none; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important; word-wrap: break-word;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>V</mi></math></span></span>、<span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>k</mi></math>" id="MathJax-Element-10-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;" tabindex="0"><nobr aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-209" role="math" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.683em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.513em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(1.137em 1000.51em 2.157em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.981em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-210" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-211" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">k</span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.987em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span><span style="border-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.004em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.068em; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); display: inline; float: none; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important; word-wrap: break-word;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>k</mi></math></span></span>等)可以通过理论计算或实验测定,而边界条件,包括初始浓度和最终浓度,对于动物可以用尸检的方法,对于人可以用分子影像的方法进行测定。他问我怎么用分子影像的方法确定,我给他讲了一下PET的ROI定量方法。总之这个问题就这么应付过去了。</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
考试结束后,李老师告诉我其实他的本意只是问我腔室模型而已。腔室模型我只是大概学过,但是如果我理解不出现问题的话还是能及时反应过来的。</div>
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有哪些用于临床的影像模态?</div>
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这是我擅长的。上一个问题比较棘手,这一个问题Yoganathan博士可能是有意降低了难度。我在白板上列举:</div>
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* CT</div>
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* PET、SPECT等核医学模态</div>
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* 光学模态:如FMT(无临床应用)、OCT、共聚焦(皮肤、眼科)……我有些大脑短路,就写了这么多。</div>
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* 超声(包括光声)</div>
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* 磁共振(一开始我写成了NMR,后来再看不对改成了MRI)</div>
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* 其他新型成像模态,比如电阻成像</div>
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他就问我为什么光学模态鲜有临床应用,我说因为穿透深度太低是个严重的问题。他又问我穿透深度具体多少,我说这与光源强度和波长等因素有关。在生物医学实践中,一般穿透深度不超过1 cm,多数不超过5 mm。他又问我穿透深度的问题怎么克服。我回答其实现在有对深部肿瘤用荧光方法探测的实例了。除了内窥镜以外,有的医生会在术中用靶向的荧光染料去显示暴露出来的组织的染料摄取和浓聚情况。这样把内部暴露在外部就可以应用荧光了。我现在后悔没有给他讲我那个和别人撞车的idea,就是用Cherenkov辐射去点亮量子点发射荧光的那个。</div>
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就你列举的CT、超声和MR,分别谈谈他们在肿瘤诊断上的优势和劣势。</div>
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Yoganathan博士的英语实在是成问题,以至于他说了三遍“advantages and disadvantages”我都没听懂是啥。后来席鹏老师重复了一遍我才知道。</div>
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CT的缺点是,它本身一直被认为是结构影像而非功能影像或分子影像。此外CT辐射比较大、设备要求高。对于软组织的分辨能力不高。CT造影剂很难成为分子影像探针。CT重建的数据量较为庞大,三维重建的速度慢。CT的最主要的优点是分辨率高,口腔科(我突然想起一个流言说国外没有stomatology只有dental department,于是就改口为牙科)的锥束CT有的可以实现微米级的分辨率,所以可以提供理想的结构相。当时忘记说多模态的问题了。</div>
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超声的优点是仪器较为轻便,无辐射且廉价,在发展中国家可以实现大面积应用。同时超声没有电磁辐射只有机械波,是本质安全的,尽管FDA对于胎儿接受超声检查还进行了次数的限制。超声的缺点包括,对于不同的部位需要不同的探头,且不同探头的分辨率不一样,同一探头不同深度的分辨率不一样且分辨率有限。回波产生和界面有关,不仅伪影多,而且解读起来需要一定技巧。最后超声造影剂的尺寸一般较大,不方便做细胞靶向。</div>
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MRI是我最喜欢的模态。一方面,它的探针种类繁多;另一方面它还可以有多种多样的序列。一方面,它不需要探针,光凭序列就可以实现功能成像(如BOLD、DTI等);另一方面,探针和序列的组合可以实现更加丰富的功能。然而核磁的投资大,需要单独的屏蔽室,一旦误把金属物品带入扫描室将引发事故。有报道有人把气体钢瓶带入磁共振室,开机后产生了很恐怖的后果。因此,有心脏起搏器等植入设备的人不能做磁共振成像。传统上,磁共振的灵敏度不高,成像时间很长,现在已经得到了相当程度的改善。然而,患者的体验仍然不好,扫描的空间逼仄,噪声巨大。</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "simsun" , sans-serif , "hei"; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px;">3.李长辉老师</span><br />
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李老师对我的背景比较了解,问的问题很有针对性,我回答的比较舒服。同时,我吸取了上一节的教训,回答问题的时候尽量放慢语速,多答一些相关内容,从而控制节奏,不要被老师带的节奏太快。这一节的问题更偏我的专业一些,所以我写的会比较简略。</div>
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请举出一个例子,说明分子影像技术在近几十年间的发展是如何助益于临床诊疗的。</div>
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我刚刚讲的MRI,就说一个MRI的例子吧。原先由于磁共振固有的物理局限,其灵敏度不高,扫描时间很长。这除了让患者不适以外,呼吸等患者运动也影响配准。后来,超导磁体替代了永磁体,磁感应强度由1.8 T发展到3T,现在已经有9T的临床实验,并且有18T的极端报道。这都是只有超导才能实现的。</div>
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另一方面,算法的革新也对影像质量的提高贡献很大。2004年,澳大利亚天才数学家陶哲轩提出了压缩感知算法。很快,这一算法就被应用于MRI的信号采集与重建。压缩感知能够实现只进行少量的采样就近乎完美的重建出原始图像,这样不仅减少了计算资源的需求,加快了重建速度,也缩短了图像采集的时间。压缩感知已经应用于商业化的仪器中。</div>
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PET和SPECT同为核医学模态,它们有什么区别?能否相互替代?</div>
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首先正如名字所指出的,它们的成像系统不同。PET根据双光子发射原理,同时探测一对儿光子。而SPECT通过准直器,一次探测单个光子。另一个本质区别是,PET的核素一定发生<span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>&#x03B2;</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></math>" id="MathJax-Element-11-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;" tabindex="0"><nobr aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-212" role="math" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.59em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.25em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(0.06em 1001.25em 1.363em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.018em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-213" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-214" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.25em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.177em 1000.57em 4.368em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-215" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">β<span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; left: 0.626em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.362em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-216" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">+</span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.023em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span><span style="border-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.361em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.282em; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); display: inline; float: none; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important; word-wrap: break-word;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>β</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></math></span></span>衰变,而SPECT的核素一般只发生<span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>&#x03B3;</mi></math>" id="MathJax-Element-12-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; 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display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-219" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">γ<span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.003em; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.987em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span><span style="border-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.004em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.354em; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); display: inline; float: none; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important; word-wrap: break-word;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>γ</mi></math></span></span>衰变。同时,他们的分辨率、灵敏度等也都有不同。</div>
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现在越来越多的人认为PET未来可以替代SPECT,但是我认为不然。首先,SPECT较为廉价,很多乡镇医院也可以配备,这对发展中国家来说是十分重要的。更重要的是,PET核素需要医用加速器生产,不能随时获得。我认识的一位老师昨天因疑似中风入院,如果用PET的话,他需要排队等待生产核素,而急诊科根本无法承受长时间等待。而SPECT的核素可以方便的用发生器产生,于是SPECT在对中风患者的紧急诊断中可以发挥巨大的作用。</div>
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PET的探测过程是怎样的?其固有的分辨率极限是什么?</div>
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我描述了一下正电子衰变-正电子湮灭-光子产生(他追问光子的能量,我答511 keV)-闪烁体捕获-探测器探测(我说明了主要是PMT)-信号处理的过程。</div>
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首先我解释了分辨率的物理极限在于正电子自由程,正电子在发生湮灭之前要通过扩散和散射释放动能,这一过程中正电子的湮灭位置会偏离其生成的位置,产生点扩散函数的展宽。然后我想说光子散射、时间分辨等概念,被老师打断了。</div>
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老师又问有没有什么方法能够减轻这一影响。我恰好知道用晶格来减轻这一现象的在研项目,于是解释了一番。</div>
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临床上,PET扫描的流程是什么样的?</div>
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我大致描述了一下患者经医生下处方-核医学科校正剂量、合成药物(老师追问一般是什么药物,我答90\%以上的情况是<span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span><span class="MathJax" data-mathml="<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi></mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>18</mn></mrow></msup></math>" id="MathJax-Element-13-Frame" role="presentation" style="border: 0px; direction: ltr; display: inline; float: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal;" tabindex="0"><nobr aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-220" role="math" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1.023em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 17.64px; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.796em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(0.003em 1000.8em 1.193em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -1.018em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-221" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-222" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0.796em; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 0px; clip: rect(3.858em 1000em 4.198em -999.997em); left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.022em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-223" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span><span style="border: 0px; left: 0.003em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: -4.362em; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-224" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-225" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-226" style="border: 0px; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "mathjax_main"; font-size: 12.4715px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 730px; word-wrap: break-word;">18</span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.028em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.023em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></span><span style="border-color: initial; border-left-style: solid; border-width: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 1.218em; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: static; transition: none; vertical-align: -0.068em; width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML" role="presentation" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); display: inline; float: none; height: 1px !important; left: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden !important; padding: 0px; position: static; top: 0px; transition: none; vertical-align: 0px; width: 1px !important; word-wrap: break-word;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi></mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mn>18</mn></mrow></msup></math></span></span>F-FDG)-注射药物-患者休息-进入扫描室扫描-进入放射性病房-回归普通病房-医生读片的过程。</div>
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核药物和普通药物的生产有什么不同?</div>
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其实我知道国家有一个PET药物的规定(《医疗机构制备正电子类放射性药品管理规定》),但是当场记不得了。好在几位老师都没有核药背景,而且我看时间也差不多了,于是这一题完全是忽忽悠悠的就过去了。</div>
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一开始扯了一些加速器、热室、自动合成仪、质控、GMP方面的东西,后来我灵机一动,向他们以T. Ritter的工作为例科普了late-stage fluorination的研究。我在自己的QE上科普有机方法学,感觉也是挺拼的。</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "simsun" , sans-serif , "hei"; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px;">总结</span><br />
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其实QE我也做了一些准备,但是基本都没用上。比如我看到历史上Yoganathan博士问的问题都是流体力学的,故临时看了一些生物流体力学方面的资料,但是他都没有问。</div>
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功夫确实在平时。回答的时候,我援引了大量的材料,包括读过的文章和书、听过的报告、上过的课、聊过的天、刷过的MOOC,其中和医生的交流最为重要。</div>
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另外,基本能力的培养特别重要。最悬的一个问题就是那个让我建模的问题。好在我工科出身,近来还看了一些统计物理和工程热力学的闲书,再加上本科的充分训练,虽然很悬但是也救了回来。现在还真有些后怕,如果当时一念之差没有想起来动力学方程,现在说不定就是conditional pass了。刚听到这一问题的时候,我是有些心虚,不过后来我顶上来了:保持自信对临场发挥非常重要。</div>
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他们几个人都没问我研究相关的内容,或许也是因为跨度比较大。我一开始自我介绍的时候开始介绍研究时候就被打断了,于是只说了个结论。</div>
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这一考试的重点在于广度。平常多了解本学科内部和自己工作不那么直接相关的问题是十分有益的,不只能帮助你和同行交流,还可以在关键时刻救人一命。</div>
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Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-11154186460821947682016-08-20T22:16:00.001-07:002016-08-20T22:16:09.401-07:00【翻译】让我们说说话<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
按:看到校友夏笳发在Nature Future上的小说,觉得很有趣,忍不住翻了一下。仅为翻译的练习和实验,没有获得相应的授权。</div>
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原文:<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v522/n7554/full/522122a.html" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v522/n7554/full/522122a.html</a></div>
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让我们说说话</div>
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夏笳</div>
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Ken Liu编辑</div>
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非得劳烦语言学家在深更半夜出面解决的问题,一定是个大问题。</div>
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凌晨三点,我被电话声惊醒。一个阴郁的声音说,让我立刻过去。我脱口而出答道:难不成有外星人来临?</div>
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在一个诡异的阴暗房间,我和几个诡异的人一起看了一段诡异的录像:一群白色的海豹宝宝蜷成一堆,喧声迭起,听起来有点儿像在动物园,还夹杂着车库和幼儿园的噪声。</div>
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“这是什么鬼?”有人率先发问。</div>
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我们听到了这样的解释:某实验室设计的这些智能玩具能够像新生婴儿那样从零开始模仿学习人类语言。设计资料说这些海豹宝宝能够最终掌握相当于五岁儿童的语言能力。</div>
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实验室员工将一百个原型机打包,准备快递给公测用户。然而,它们的包裹被贴上了错误的标签。当这些快递包裹被定位、追回、开封之后,工作人员发现,这些本应安安静静趴着的海豹并未被关机,而是在发出奇怪的吵闹声。</div>
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“它们就像在用什么我们听不懂的外星语言相互交谈似的。”一个迟疑的声音穿破黑暗。</div>
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“这正是我们需要搞清楚的。”主持会议的黑衣男子面无表情的向我们点点头,说道。“这是否可能?谁教会了他们?请记住,这些海豹一直在包裹里面。”</div>
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“海豹宝宝包海报”,我自言自语道。幸运的是没别人听到。</div>
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“我知道一个类似的案例。ISN,尼加拉瓜手语,”刚才那个黑暗里的声音答道。“这是二十世纪七、八十年代西尼加拉瓜一些学校的聋儿中产生的手语。”</div>
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“讲下去。”黑衣男子显然对此产生兴趣。</div>
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“呃,在七十年代之前,尼加拉瓜的听障人士鲜有交流。然后他们建立了一些职业学校并招收了几百名听障儿童。其中语言课程本来打算教会学生们几个西班牙语词汇的唇语,但是收效甚微。然而,学生们把校园、街道和校巴变成了成果丰硕的试验场,自己研究出了相互沟通的方法。尼加拉瓜手语,一种结合了手势和他们个人的、独特的、原生的符号体系的新型手语就这样迅速诞生了。这是我们唯一一次实际见证了一种语言如何凭空产生。”</div>
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“也许不是,”另一个声音打断道。“实际上,后来有人开发了能够发展出自己语言的机器人。他们让这些所谓的‘语言机器人’走迷宫,同时让他们根据预设的各种音节发明新的词汇来描述不同位置。它们还得和其它同类交流各自的信息,于是又发展出关于方位和距离的新词。”</div>
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“我们怎么知道‘语言机器人’们说的是什么?”第三个声音说。“会不会一个听起来人畜无害的单词实际上,比如说,意味着‘武装叛乱’?”</div>
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简陋的机器人密谋造反似乎挺搞笑,但是谁都没有笑。</div>
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“还有什么意见?”黑衣人环视四周。</div>
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“为什么是海豹宝宝?”我大声问。</div>
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“什么?”</div>
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“它们长得太奇怪。你们为什么不选择小猫或者小狗?”</div>
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“我觉得这不重要。”他耸耸肩。</div>
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“或许设计者想让他们显得尽可能的腼腆和无害,”我若有所思的说。“这是否意味着我们下意识的害怕会说话的生物?”</div>
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“你的意思是?”</div>
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“我想说,我们为什么不可以关掉屏幕,走出暗室,和这些……这些东西当面谈谈。我们不是相信它们已经发展出自己的语言了么?所有语言学家都知道学习一门未知语言的唯一方法就是与母语人士交流,指着一个物体提问,并且也回答他们的问题。如果我们不先叩开密封包裹的大门并致以问候,我们就自然不会懂得他们在说什么。”</div>
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#</div>
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我跨过门,所有的海豹宝宝都安静下来用水晶般的大眼睛看着我。谢天谢地,海豹宝宝比有尖牙利爪的生物好太多了。我和第一次田野实践时候一样,伸出双手告诉他们我没有藏着的武器,尽管这个动作在他们的语言体系里可能什么意思都没有。</div>
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机器人不可伤害人类,而机器人必须保证自身的存在。</div>
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如此遥远,如此临近,如此充满未知。</div>
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“你好”我用母语问好,然后耐心的等待。</div>
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离我最近的海豹宝宝把毛茸茸的爪子放在我平摊的手掌上,开口说话——听起来像大大的哈欠。</div>
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我尽力去模仿。这可能是在问好,或者仅仅是打哈欠。无论怎样这是一个不错的开头。</div>
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“让我们说说话?”我温柔的问道。我们说说话,好么?</div>
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感谢kusurisu@bdwm、张斯文等的指正。</div>
Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-39999717503910279862016-08-20T22:15:00.002-07:002016-08-20T22:15:28.063-07:00用LibSim模拟北京大学图书馆存包柜占用情况<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
近年来,北京大学图书馆的存包柜被长期占用的情况十分严重。尽管图书馆在《北京大学图书馆存包柜使用须知》中明确规定了闭馆前不带走物品和挂锁的行为为占柜,并应该被清理,而因为种种原因这一规定并没有得到彻底的执行。</div>
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近来,随着图书馆方面加强了对存包柜的清理,一些利益相关者在北大未名BBS的PKULibrary版面上产生了很多的争执。有一些网友认为,清理存书柜的行为不具有正当性,而违规占柜是正当的。他们的理由包括清理存包柜会导致实际的利用效率下降。</div>
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针对这些争论,我对北京大学图书馆的存包过程进行了简化假设,并构建了模拟模型,利用python语言对其进行了实现和求解,并研究了不同参数下的模型结果。</div>
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该模型的假设简要概括如下:</div>
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北京大学图书馆(PKULib)每天开放10小时。</div>
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PKULib有1000位读者,其中100位为不遵守规定的读者(badreader),900位为遵守规定的读者(goodreader)。</div>
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北京大学图书馆提供150个存包柜(locker)供读者使用。</div>
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每天,所有读者都会一个个的进馆,并都会使用存包柜。其进入图书馆的时间基本满足均匀分布,即每小时进入的人数相差不大。每人进馆后都会寻找空的储物柜,如果找到,该读者会感到开心(happiness);如果存包柜都被沾满,该读者会感到郁闷(madness)。</div>
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goodreader每天会在图书馆呆到下一个整点,且这一天就不再来图书馆。他们走的时候会带走存包柜里自己的东西。</div>
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badreader走的时间谁也不知道,而且他们不会带走自己在存包柜里的东西。</div>
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每隔一段时间(emptyperiod),图书馆会在闭馆后清理存包柜,此时badreader占用的存包柜会被清空。直到下一次badreader来到图书馆,他们才会重新占据一个存包柜。</div>
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我编写并求解了这一模型。在参数emptyperiod不同的情况下,获得了不同的结果。经过多次尝试,发现参数不变的情况下结果的差异不大(可以算方差表征)。典型的值如下:</div>
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当每天清一次柜时,happiness为90209,madness为9791;</div>
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当每30天清一次柜时,happiness为1314,madness为98686。</div>
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这样的模拟结果说明,在模型假设条件下,每天清柜相比每30天清柜,会显著的增加happiness,降低madness。</div>
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附:代码<a class="attach" href="http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=attachment&id=63501" style="background: url("../../static/image/common/fach.gif") 0px 50% no-repeat; color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">LibSim_1_0_0.py</a></div>
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</td><td class="code" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div class="container" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<div class="line number1 index0 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
# FileName: LibSim.py</div>
<div class="line number2 index1 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
'''Libsim 1.0.0</div>
<div class="line number3 index2 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number4 index3 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
LibSim program is an agent-based simulation program to study</div>
<div class="line number5 index4 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
the occupation of lockers in Peking University library. It is</div>
<div class="line number6 index5 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
a python 3 styled code written in object-oriented fashion.</div>
<div class="line number7 index6 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number8 index7 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
Programmer:</div>
<div class="line number9 index8 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
Meng Xiangxi</div>
<div class="line number10 index9 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
PhD student, Peking University</div>
<div class="line number11 index10 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
mengxiangxibme(>_<)gmail.com</div>
<div class="line number12 index11 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number13 index12 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
History:</div>
<div class="line number14 index13 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
1.0.0 Released 20141213</div>
<div class="line number15 index14 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
'''</div>
<div class="line number16 index15 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number17 index16 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
import random</div>
<div class="line number18 index17 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number19 index18 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
# Model specifications, constants</div>
<div class="line number20 index19 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
hours = 10 # Total openning hours of PKULib</div>
<div class="line number21 index20 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
emptyperiod = 30 # Period of evacuation</div>
<div class="line number22 index21 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
simdays = 100 # Days to simulate</div>
<div class="line number23 index22 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
numlocker = 150 # Set number of lockers</div>
<div class="line number24 index23 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
numgoodreader = 900 # Set number of good readers</div>
<div class="line number25 index24 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
numbadreader = 100 # Set number of bad readers </div>
<div class="line number26 index25 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number27 index26 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
#=====================Classes====================#</div>
<div class="line number28 index27 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number29 index28 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
class Locker:</div>
<div class="line number30 index29 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
'''The locker in PKULib'''</div>
<div class="line number31 index30 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
empty = True # If the locker is empty</div>
<div class="line number32 index31 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
readerID = 'null' # The reader occupying the locker</div>
<div class="line number33 index32 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number34 index33 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
def chkempty(self): # Check if the locker is empty</div>
<div class="line number35 index34 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
return self.empty</div>
<div class="line number36 index35 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number37 index36 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
def setempty(self, value): # Change the empty status</div>
<div class="line number38 index37 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
self.empty = value # value is Boolean</div>
<div class="line number39 index38 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number40 index39 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
def getreaderID(self): # Return the occupyer</div>
<div class="line number41 index40 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
return self.readerID</div>
<div class="line number42 index41 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number43 index42 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
def setreaderID(self, ID): # Change the occupyer</div>
<div class="line number44 index43 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
self.readerID = ID</div>
<div class="line number45 index44 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number46 index45 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
def emptygoodreader(self): # Only good readers leave</div>
<div class="line number47 index46 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
if self.readerID[0] == 'G':</div>
<div class="line number48 index47 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
self.empty = True</div>
<div class="line number49 index48 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
self.readerID = 'null'</div>
<div class="line number50 index49 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number51 index50 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
class Reader:</div>
<div class="line number52 index51 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
'''Parent class for the readers'''</div>
<div class="line number53 index52 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
numlocker = -1 # The last used locker number</div>
<div class="line number54 index53 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number55 index54 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
def chklocker(self, locker): # When entering PKULib, reader look for locker</div>
<div class="line number56 index55 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
for lockernum in range(0,numlocker): # Traverse the lockers</div>
<div class="line number57 index56 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
if locker[lockernum].chkempty(): # If locker is empty</div>
<div class="line number58 index57 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
inchappy() # Feel happy</div>
<div class="line number59 index58 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
locker[lockernum].setempty(False) # Occupy it</div>
<div class="line number60 index59 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
self.numlocker = lockernum # Record the locker number</div>
<div class="line number61 index60 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
return 0 # Stop looking for lockers</div>
<div class="line number62 index61 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
self.numlocker = -1 # Cannot find locker</div>
<div class="line number63 index62 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number64 index63 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
def getlockernum(self): # Return the number of locker last used</div>
<div class="line number65 index64 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
return self.numlocker</div>
<div class="line number66 index65 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number67 index66 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
def leave(self,locker): # Leaving PKULib, release the locker</div>
<div class="line number68 index67 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
if self.numlocker > 0:</div>
<div class="line number69 index68 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
locker[self.numlocker].setreaderID('Null')</div>
<div class="line number70 index69 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
locker[self.numlocker].setempty(True)</div>
<div class="line number71 index70 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
self.numlocker = -1</div>
<div class="line number72 index71 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number73 index72 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
class GoodReader(Reader):</div>
<div class="line number74 index73 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
'''Readers taking their own belongings'''</div>
<div class="line number75 index74 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
def __init__(self): # Inherit the __init__() and parameter of Reader</div>
<div class="line number76 index75 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
Reader.__init__(self)</div>
<div class="line number77 index76 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
numlocker = -1</div>
<div class="line number78 index77 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
self.numlocker = numlocker</div>
<div class="line number79 index78 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number80 index79 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
def chklocker(self,locker,ID): # The chklocker() function of child class</div>
<div class="line number81 index80 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
for lockernum in range(0,numlocker):</div>
<div class="line number82 index81 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
if locker[lockernum].chkempty():</div>
<div class="line number83 index82 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
inchappy()</div>
<div class="line number84 index83 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
locker[lockernum].setempty(False)</div>
<div class="line number85 index84 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
self.numlocker = lockernum</div>
<div class="line number86 index85 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
locker[lockernum].setreaderID('G'+str(ID)) # G for 'GoodReader'</div>
<div class="line number87 index86 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
return 0</div>
<div class="line number88 index87 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
self.numlocker = -1</div>
<div class="line number89 index88 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
incmad()</div>
<div class="line number90 index89 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number91 index90 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
class BadReader(Reader):</div>
<div class="line number92 index91 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
'''Readers leaving their own belongings'''</div>
<div class="line number93 index92 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
def __init__(self): # Inherit the __init__() and parameter of Reader</div>
<div class="line number94 index93 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
Reader.__init__(self)</div>
<div class="line number95 index94 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
numlocker = -1 # Don't know why have to write this... But bugs if not</div>
<div class="line number96 index95 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
self.numlocker = numlocker</div>
<div class="line number97 index96 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number98 index97 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
def chklocker(self,locker,ID): # The chklocker() function of child class</div>
<div class="line number99 index98 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
for lockernum in range(0,numlocker):</div>
<div class="line number100 index99 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
if locker[lockernum].chkempty():</div>
<div class="line number101 index100 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
inchappy()</div>
<div class="line number102 index101 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
locker[lockernum].setempty(False)</div>
<div class="line number103 index102 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
self.numlocker = lockernum</div>
<div class="line number104 index103 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
locker[lockernum].setreaderID('B'+str(ID)) # B for 'BadReader'</div>
<div class="line number105 index104 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
return 0</div>
<div class="line number106 index105 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
self.numlocker = -1</div>
<div class="line number107 index106 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
incmad()</div>
<div class="line number108 index107 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number109 index108 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
#====================Paramters===================#</div>
<div class="line number110 index109 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number111 index110 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
# Total number of readers</div>
<div class="line number112 index111 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
numtotreader = numgoodreader + numbadreader</div>
<div class="line number113 index112 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number114 index113 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
# Hourly entrance number</div>
<div class="line number115 index114 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
hrnumreader = (numgoodreader+numbadreader)//hours</div>
<div class="line number116 index115 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
hrnumreaderres = (numgoodreader+numbadreader)%hours</div>
<div class="line number117 index116 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number118 index117 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
# Initialize the parameters</div>
<div class="line number119 index118 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
locker = [Locker() for _ in range(numlocker)]</div>
<div class="line number120 index119 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
goodreader = [GoodReader() for _ in range(numgoodreader)]</div>
<div class="line number121 index120 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
badreader = [BadReader() for _ in range(numbadreader)]</div>
<div class="line number122 index121 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number123 index122 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
# Target variable</div>
<div class="line number124 index123 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
happiness = 0</div>
<div class="line number125 index124 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
madness = 0</div>
<div class="line number126 index125 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number127 index126 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
def inchappy():</div>
<div class="line number128 index127 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
'''Access and alter the variable 'happiness'.'''</div>
<div class="line number129 index128 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
global happiness</div>
<div class="line number130 index129 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
happiness += 1</div>
<div class="line number131 index130 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number132 index131 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
def incmad():</div>
<div class="line number133 index132 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
'''Access and alter the variable 'madness'.'''</div>
<div class="line number134 index133 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
global madness</div>
<div class="line number135 index134 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
madness += 1</div>
<div class="line number136 index135 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number137 index136 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
#=====================Function===================#</div>
<div class="line number138 index137 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number139 index138 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
def readerenter(namelistpara, numreaderenterpara):</div>
<div class="line number140 index139 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
'''A certain reader enters.'''</div>
<div class="line number141 index140 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
numreaderenter = namelistpara[numreaderenterpara]</div>
<div class="line number142 index141 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
# Convert to the subscript of the reader</div>
<div class="line number143 index142 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
if numreaderenter < 0:</div>
<div class="line number144 index143 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
goodreader[-numreaderenter-1].chklocker(locker,-numreaderenter-1)</div>
<div class="line number145 index144 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
# Convert the negative values to the subscript of goodreader</div>
<div class="line number146 index145 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
else:</div>
<div class="line number147 index146 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
badreader[numreaderenter].chklocker(locker, numreaderenter)</div>
<div class="line number148 index147 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number149 index148 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
#=======================Main=====================#</div>
<div class="line number150 index149 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number151 index150 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
for day in range(0,simdays): # Simulate for each day</div>
<div class="line number152 index151 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
if day%emptyperiod == 0: # Empty the lockers periodically</div>
<div class="line number153 index152 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
for i in badreader: # Propell badreaders</div>
<div class="line number154 index153 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
i.leave(locker)</div>
<div class="line number155 index154 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
namelist = [] # Initialze namelist container</div>
<div class="line number156 index155 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
### Here, namelist combines goodreader and badreader. Negative values are</div>
<div class="line number157 index156 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
### for goodreader and vice versa. The subscript of goodreader is obtained by</div>
<div class="line number158 index157 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
### convertion: -numnamelist - 1.</div>
<div class="line number159 index158 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
for numnamelist in range(-numgoodreader, numbadreader):</div>
<div class="line number160 index159 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
# Construct original namelist</div>
<div class="line number161 index160 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
namelist.append(numnamelist)</div>
<div class="line number162 index161 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
random.shuffle(namelist) # Shuffle(): change the order of element randomly</div>
<div class="line number163 index162 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
for varhour in range(0, hours-1): # Simulate hour by hour</div>
<div class="line number164 index163 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
for numreaderenterori in range(varhour*hrnumreader, (varhour+1)*hrnumreader):</div>
<div class="line number165 index164 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
# Every hour except the last, an equal number of readers enter</div>
<div class="line number166 index165 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
readerenter(namelist, numreaderenterori)</div>
<div class="line number167 index166 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
for goodreaderleave in goodreader: # goodreader leave after one hour</div>
<div class="line number168 index167 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
goodreaderleave.leave(locker)</div>
<div class="line number169 index168 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
varhour = hours - 1 # The last opening hour</div>
<div class="line number170 index169 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
for numreaderenterori in range(varhour*hrnumreader, numtotreader):</div>
<div class="line number171 index170 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
# In the last hour, all unentered readers enters</div>
<div class="line number172 index171 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
readerenter(namelist, numreaderenterori)</div>
<div class="line number173 index172 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
for goodreaderleave in goodreader: # All goodreader leave</div>
<div class="line number174 index173 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
goodreaderleave.leave(locker)</div>
<div class="line number175 index174 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number176 index175 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
#======================Output====================#</div>
<div class="line number177 index176 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
</div>
<div class="line number178 index177 alt1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
print('happiness:', happiness)</div>
<div class="line number179 index178 alt2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
print('madness:', madness)</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-82719410093019319562016-08-20T22:14:00.002-07:002016-08-20T22:14:07.029-07:00生物启发的莲纤维复合材料<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
2014年2月15日</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<a href="http://1.xiangxiblog.duapp.com/?p=109" style="color: #006699; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 33px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">生物启发的莲纤维复合材料</a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">国内纳米科学领域</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: line-through; word-wrap: break-word;">备受争议</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">的大牛,北航</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">/</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">北京化学所的院士江雷,在</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Angew</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">上发了一篇文章。</span><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://xiangxiblog.duapp.com/#fn:1" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">1</a></span>【按:本工作是江雷老师指导下由程群峰教授团队执行,感谢网友指正。26/Nov/2014】<span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">他们对荷花的纤维进行了复合改性,获得了一种力学性能比普通天然纤维材料更为优越的新材料。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: 宋体; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">生物启发与莲</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">我们知道有一个领域叫做仿生学,和我的本行生物医学工程关系非常紧密。这个词汇我们幼儿园的老师就曾经告诉过我们,她说雷达就是仿照蝙蝠回声定位设计的。后来我发现这个说法很牵强:直到二战之后关于蝙蝠的回声定位的生物学机制都没搞清楚(</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Martin Karplus 18</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">岁的时候还在</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Cornell</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">研究过这个课题</span><a href="http://xiangxiblog.duapp.com/#fn:2" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">2</span></a><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">),何谈仿照。于是越来越多的学者还是习惯于不说仿生学(</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">bionics</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">)而称</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">“</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">生物启发</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">”</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">(</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">bioinspired</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">),这也体现了科学家对于自然界的谦逊态度。【按:后来我问了UCSF的David Kisailus老师,他倒是不太同意。他认为bionics更多的是偏重机械、机器人之类的。2014年11月25日。】</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">在生物启发领域,除了幼儿园教的雷达的例子,还有俩同样恶俗的:荷花的叶和壁虎的脚。作为很多少儿益智类科普读物都会写的</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">“</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">科学知识</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">”</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">,荷花自洁</span><a href="http://xiangxiblog.duapp.com/#fn:3" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">3</span></a><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">和壁虎粘着</span><a href="http://xiangxiblog.duapp.com/#fn:4" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">4</span></a><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">的机理与应用的研究仍在占据着高影响因子期刊的大片版面。荷花自洁除了有表面蜡质的贡献主要是靠微米结构与纳米结构的协同作用极大的提升了表面粗糙度,而表面粗糙度又影响了溶液的浸润性,于是造成露珠可以在叶片上保持接近球形,带来自清洁的特点。令人惊讶的是,这一现象直到上世纪末才被重视,本世纪其原理初才逐步明确,而其工业应用则才刚开始。江雷院士也靠着荷叶自洁相关研究打出了很大的名气。</span><a href="http://xiangxiblog.duapp.com/#fn:5" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">5</span></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">而这回他在北航的团队又瞄准了荷花的另外一个应用。常言道</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">“</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">藕断丝连</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">”</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">(他们在文章中翻译的是</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">“The lotusroots may break, but the fiber remains joined.”</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">),藕丝作为一种天然纤维,能做什么用?</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: 宋体; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">蚕丝的启示</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">图</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">1</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">:莲纤维(</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">LF</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">)的结构</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">在这个工作中,他们团队首先对天然的莲纤维(</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">lotus fibre</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">,简称</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">LF</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">)结构进行了研究。如图</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">1</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">所示,莲花的纤维能够很容易的被剥离获得。在电子显微镜下观察,可以看到由多股纤维组成的螺旋形丛装结构。每根纤维的截面均为椭圆形,多股纤维并排并形成左手螺旋。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">想要工程化这种</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">LF</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">纤维,首先需要改进其力学强度。莲纤维的力学性能并不突出,采莲人摘花时只消轻轻一折。天然材料中,有一种力学性能突出的是蚕丝。蚕丝优越的力学特性与其结构特点关系甚大。蚕丝由两种蛋白组成,主要是丝心蛋白(</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">fibroin</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">),组成了蚕丝的结构主体;其次是丝胶蛋白,组成了包裹在丝心蛋白外面的一层外壳。</span><a href="http://xiangxiblog.duapp.com/#fn:6" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">6</span></a><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">这层丝胶蛋白外壳对于材料的应变规律影响显著,最近的研究表明和单纯的丝心蛋白纤维相比,有丝胶蛋白外壳的蚕丝力学强度要大</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">20%</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">。</span><sup style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://xiangxiblog.duapp.com/#fn:8" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #24890d; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">7</span></a></span></sup><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">。这是由于外层能够将纤维加载的应变有效的传递到丝心蛋白上。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">图</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">2</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">:蚕丝的</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">SEM</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">图像,可以看到两种不同的蛋白。</span><a href="http://xiangxiblog.duapp.com/#fn:7" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">8</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">于是受到天然蚕丝的启发,江雷他们又要对着</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">LF</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">下手了。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: 宋体; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">莲纤维的改性</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">有了对莲纤维和蚕丝的结构认识,那么加强</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">LF</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">强度对其进行工程化的方式也就呼之欲出,也就是将两者结合起来,以</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">LF</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">作为核心,用一种与其相互作用紧密的外壳进行包裹。具体的,他们使用高度亲水性的聚合物聚乙烯醇(</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">PVA</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">)喷涂在纤维表面,再结合传统的纺纱工艺,制备了多种绿色复合纤维(</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">GCF</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">)。工艺设备如图</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">3 a)</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">所示。将莲茎固定在逆时针旋转的马达</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">1</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">上,顺时针旋转的马达</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">3</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">将</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">LF</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">抽出。同时,喷嘴</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">2</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">不断喷出</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">PVA</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">溶液的微小液滴,使其包裹在</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">LF</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">上。在杆</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">4</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">上就收集到了</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">GCF</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">。其</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">SEM</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">图像如图</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">3 b)</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">所示,纤维直径约为</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">80</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">微米。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">图</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">3</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">:</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">GCF</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">及其制备</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">接下来是一系列力学强度的测试。显而易见,纤维缠绕的角度受马达</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">1</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">和马达</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">3</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">转速比的控制,而缠绕角度又是决定力学性质的重要参数。作者们制备了五种不同缠绕角度的纤维,验证了在缠绕角</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">20</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">度时抗拉强度比较理想。不同</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">PVA</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">的量对抗拉强度也有影响,最佳的</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">PVA</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">量为</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">22.4 wt%</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">复合材料的界面对于机械强度的影响非常重要,于是作者们又用化学交联和热交联两种方法对材料进行了进一步处理。总的试验结果如图</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">4</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">所示。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">图</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">4</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">:不同纤维的应力应变图像</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">对于没有学过材料力学的同学解释一下,应力应变图像反应了材料在受外力的条件下形变的程度。上升段曲线斜率越大说明弹性越大【按:此处指的是弹性模量大,感谢网友指正。26/Nov/2014】,而最高点对应的应力是材料结构被破坏时的应力,对应于其强度。图中</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">1</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">代表</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">LF</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">,</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">2</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">为</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">GCF</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">,</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">3</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">为经过戊二醛(</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">GA</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">)化学交联的</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">GCF</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">,</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">4</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">为经过</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">GA</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">交联和热处理的</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">GCF</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">。这一结果说明了</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">GCF</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">相比于</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">LF</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">力学性能具有显著改善,而化学交联和热处理又对其力学性能产生了进一步的提升。其相互作用机理如图</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">4 c)</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">所示。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">最后,他们对比了这种</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-family: arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">GCF</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">和其他的一些天然纤维,发现这种材料的比强度和比模量两项指标优于多数天然纤维材料。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">江雷在生物启发的道路上越走越远,这个荷花纤维的改性或许是他研究道路上一个平凡的里程碑。据悉这个文章中的莲样品是从清华大学采集的,于是每当想到一群研究生不远万里从北医隔壁跑到燕园隔壁,冒着被保安查证的危险潜入清华园,扛着一堆荷花荷叶在夕阳下,深藏功与名,我就泛起一丝喜感。我想告诉北航的兄弟们,解放清华,人人有责,感谢你们的支援!</span></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 9px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"> </span></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.. doi: 10.1002/anie.201310656 </span><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201310656/pdf" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">PDF</span></a><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"> </span><a href="http://xiangxiblog.duapp.com/#fnref:1" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; font-family: "cambria math", serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">↩</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 9px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"> </span></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 2006. 35: 1–47 </span><a href="http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.biophys.33.110502.133350" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">PDF</span></a><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"> </span><a href="http://xiangxiblog.duapp.com/#fnref:2" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; font-family: "cambria math", serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">↩</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 9px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"> </span></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">J. Phys. Chem. B. 2002. 106: 9274–9276 </span><a href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/jp0209401" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">PDF</span></a><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"> </span><a href="http://xiangxiblog.duapp.com/#fnref:3" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; font-family: "cambria math", serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">↩</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 9px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"> </span></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Nature. 2007. 448: 338-341 </span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7151/pdf/nature05968.pdf" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">PDF</span></a><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"> </span><a href="http://xiangxiblog.duapp.com/#fnref:4" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; font-family: "cambria math", serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">↩</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 9px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"> </span></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Adv. Mater. 2002. 14: 1857–1860 </span><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.200290020/pdf" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">PDF</span></a><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"> </span><a href="http://xiangxiblog.duapp.com/#fnref:5" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; font-family: "cambria math", serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">↩</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 9px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"> </span></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Caspian J. Env. Sci. 2007. 5: 63-76 </span><a href="http://www.sid.ir/En/VEWSSID/J_pdf/120920070208.pdf" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">PDF</span></a><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"> </span><a href="http://xiangxiblog.duapp.com/#fnref:6" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; font-family: "cambria math", serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">↩</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 9px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"> </span></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">J. Mater. Sci. 2012. 47: 3082-3088 </span><a href="http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10853-011-6141-0.pdf" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">PDF</span></a><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"> </span><a href="http://xiangxiblog.duapp.com/#fnref:8" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; font-family: "cambria math", serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">↩</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">8.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 9px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"> </span></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Exploring the cultivated silk moth <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Bombyx mori.</span></em> PartII: Further microscopical studies of aspects of the life cycle with notes onLeeuwenhoek’s observations </span><a href="http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artsep12/dw-silk2.html" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">html</span></a><span style="color: #2b2b2b; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"> </span><span style="border: 1px none rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #24890d; font-family: "ms mincho"; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://xiangxiblog.duapp.com/#fnref:7" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">↩</a></span></div>
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Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-73379789234751502552016-08-20T22:13:00.002-07:002016-08-20T22:13:25.293-07:00启发性的化学<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
2011年4月11日</div>
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<span style="font-size: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><strong style="font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">启发性的化学</strong></span></div>
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2011年全年,各国都在庆祝国际化学年。这种对化学重要性的世界性的认同显得有些非同一般。事实上,化学不仅被化学家称作“中心科学”,而且维基百科也这么说(当然维基上的词条或许是一个化学家编辑的),这大概是一种对其在沟通物理学的基本概念和生物学的实际问题的角色的形象说法。进一步的,化学是一个将继续推动迎接当今最令人头痛的挑战的学科:它解决能源问题,开发和提供对于疾病的新疗法,设计高级的材料并赋予其数不清的用途等等。似乎化学更应该被称为覆盖(而非沟通)其他学科。然而毫无疑问的是,现在是时候庆祝化学创造性的未来,充满可能的未来了。</div>
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那么为什么化学在科学殿堂里总是坐在后排的角落?传统意义上(至少是在20世纪的大半),科学在公众心目中的代表是物理学;近一些的时代,生物学似乎分享了(或者甚至夺走了)这个位置。有趣的是,化学从未能光明正大的取得这一地位。有人说化学完完全全是物理的分支;还有人说化学不过是一种技术,一种方法的集合,并不能催生问题也不能揭示深刻的意义。尽管化学毫无疑问有它强有力的代言人,根本没有哪一位算得上是家喻户晓,和史蒂芬·霍金、卡尔·萨根或者史蒂芬·杰·古尔德(哈佛的博物学家或进化生物学家,以具有很强科学性的学者散文闻名——译者注)平起平坐。吸引物理学和生物学强烈兴趣的宏大命题——宇宙的起源、生命的机制、万有理论——并没有被化学所广泛认可。既然一切都是化学,那为什么还会是这样?</div>
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我们觉得,化学的崇高命题就在那里,但或许略微不易被发现。一个人可以远观宇宙之大,或深探思维之微,于是有感于其问题之复杂和深邃。当今化学努力解决的问题也同样的基本,但或许对外行来说不那么明显,我们能够举很多例子说明这一点,但或许应该指出这个被最广泛、最持久的关注的:光合作用。光的能量是怎样被捕获并被转化成电化学能,然后被极高效的传往两个方向:一面还原性的从二氧化碳中产生生命的建筑材料,另一面吧水氧化成氧气?可以肯定,这个极端复杂的问题同物理学(但不能说完全是物理的一部分)和生物学的某些方面联系紧密;但答案显然在化学的疆域里。每一个单独的组成元件以至于这自然界构筑的整个综合系统的机制制造了一个完全和其他学科的问题具有同等深度和想象力的问题。此外,从实用角度,这个答案会在设计制造相对来说更高效的太阳能发电设备时有用:这目前看来是解决长期能源危机需要的唯一强度足够的能源。</div>
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当我们有了这个答案,我们不仅能够停止将万亿年来由自然光合作用产生的化石燃料变成二氧化碳,甚至还能开始逆转这一过程。让我们把国际化学年看作一个专注此类宏大视野的呼吁。如果我们增强应对严峻挑战的基础研究力量,我们将可能迎来化学的世纪。</div>
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——哈利·格雷和杰·拉宾格</div>
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(翻译自美国《科学》杂志2011年4月1日文章,未获授权)</div>
Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-31342450972892406892016-08-20T22:12:00.003-07:002016-08-20T22:12:46.295-07:00On the Causes of the Growing Environmental Awareness among Mainland China Citizens<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
2011年7月30日<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><strong style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; margin: 0px 6em 5px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word;">On the Causes of the Growing Environmental Awareness among Mainland China Citizens</strong></div>
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Meng Xiangxi</div>
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If you are looking at mainland China from a satellite’s view and you are amazed to see the lights in homes of many Chinese cities are still off, although it is 21:00 Beijing time already. Well, that will probably happen on the last Saturday of March every year, and on that day, people in many Chinese cities and towns will turn off their lights to immerse themselves in the tender night during the Earth Hour, which is a manifestation of the determination that we, as the earth’s citizens, once united, will eventually save the planet from environmental disasters. (Earth Hour, 2009) Such activity has received massive support only in recent years, which reflects a magnificent change in Chinese people’s (mainland China residents’, especially) awareness of the environment. The growing awareness of environmental issues in Mainland China may result from a number of significant changes, including the deterioration of the environmental situation in cities and countryside, the increased expectation of living standards of people, and the establishment of the specific government departments and ENGOs (Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations).</div>
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First of all, accompanying the dramatic growth of the economy and industries in China over the past 30 years, the worsening of the Chinese environmental situation is becoming a real threat to the citizens’ health and sense of well-being, which rouses a strong sense of awareness among people in the cities. In fact, most Chinese metropolises face very serious environmental crisis. According to the State Environmental Protection Administration, the emission of a major air pollutant of sulfur dioxide has seen a yearly increase of 1.5 percent, with the amount of sewage discharge undergoing a similar expansion. The Administration also released that in the year 2006 alone, there were 45 cases of solid waste pollution in mainland China. (Xinhua, 2007. The department is currently called Ministry of Environmental Protection.) Such situation, especially the solid waste crisis, results in the dissent and even unrests among the Chinese city dwellers. In the year 2009 alone, there were many demonstrations against the unguaranteed proposal of solid waste, and the construction of 5 incineration stations were held up consequently in all across the nation. For example, in the capital city of Beijing, local residents were astonished when they learned that the government was planning to build an incineration facility in their community of Asuwei without consulting their opinions, and they managed to hold a peaceful but illegal protest against it. (Zhai, 2010) Although their case has been settled as a new proposal is accepted by all the stakeholders, there are still a lot of disputes in other places. So it is evident that as the pollution situation continues, more and more Chinese citizens start to realize that the environmental issues really matter, and start to pursue their right.</div>
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And this does not happen in the cities alone. Apart from the cities, the destruction of the environment is even more serious in the countryside, and the contradiction between the environment and human beings is even more severe, which gives rise to a new round of enlightenment of rural citizens. Actually, though less discussed, the crisis the rural areas face is as serious as cities do, if not more. About 15 years ago, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations Development Program, and the Ministry of Agriculture of China (FAO, UNDP and MoA1997), farmers in China could only use substandard irrigation water for 1.4 million hectors of their farmland. United States Enforcement Bureau (USEB 1997; Mei 1992) alleged that the area of farmland which has been contaminated by the heavy metal (including the non-metal of arsenic) is about ten to twenty million hectors. (Xu, 1999) Years have passed and the situation only developed from bad to worse. Angry rural residents have no choice but to defend their right. Every year, there are many cases of environmental destructions and lawsuits in rural China, and what is more serious, some people have to choose to violently protest against the government. In<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">The Warriors of Qiugang</em>, a video coverage nominated for a 2011 Academy Award for Best Documentary, a real scene of environmental dispute in a central China village was recorded. (e360, 2010) Though the film is ideologically and culturally biased and has received very bad comments from China, it clearly shows that the Chinese people are realizing the importance of a harmonious environment. As a (presumably) western viewer commented on the website of the film, “even people in China are passionate about the environment.”(Louise, 2011) But in my own experience, the Chinese agriculture population should be guided while they are forming their concept of environmental awareness, for in the unique case of China, farmers tend to be careless about the environment unless their sense of environmental security is affected. The reason is that the living standard of the rural residents in most place of China is far lower than that of the urban residents, and their prime concern is to be better-off. So they tend to view the environmental destruction as the dereliction of the government, rather than the shared duty of the whole society. To conclude, the worsening environmental situation stimulates everyone directly or indirectly involved, and they inevitably receive the education or self-education on environmental awareness.</div>
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On the contrary to the deteriorating environmental situation nationwide, the people’s expectation of living standards has increased so much. The soaring car ownership and the oil consumption are very convincing facts.</div>
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In the past several years, another notable change that took place is the establishment of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, and the burgeoning of so many ENGOs. As for the central government, in the year 2008, the Ministry of Environmental Protection was established to substitute the former State Environmental Protection Administration. The new ministry is said to be more powerful in the State Council than the old administration, which shows a stronger concern of the central government on environmental issues. (Xinhua, 2008) Besides the official reform of the governmental departments, many grass root groups have also been founded. Since the first such civil organization set up in the year 1993, numerous ENGOs appeared all across the country. The earliest and most famous Friend of Nature was set up by a group of pioneering environmentalists and activists in their congregation in a park in Beijing. (FON website, accessed 2011) They carry out all kinds of programs to help China fight the environmental deterioration, and are widely supported by the civilian. Though they have undergone a period of skepticism and discrimination from the government, they are now booming, with over 10000 members all over China. To add to them is the rapid growth of the student environmental groups. The registered student environmental groups in mainland China saw a sudden growth from 22 in 1997 to 184 in 2003, and many more have been set up till now. (Roode, 2003) Virtually every college and university has its own environmental protection group. Some schools have more than one. The university students are active members of the environmental protection programs in China, and they really make a difference. These departments and organizations have done much to promote the awareness of the Chinese citizens, and their existence illustrates the point that the awareness of the Chinese on environmental issues is stressed.</div>
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As we can clearly see, the Chinese people are now awakening with strong, though not full awareness of the environmental issues. This is brought about by serious pollution itself, the higher expectation of living standards, and the endeavor of many organizations together. I never doubt that, in the 21<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;">st</span> century, Chinese people will eventually come into realization, what’s more, they will take action to solve all the problems, and the world will share the benefit of a healthy environment in mainland China!</div>
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Reference</div>
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Friends of Nature. (Not Known). About us. Retrieved 7/26/2011, 2011, from http://www.fon.org.cn/channal.php?cid=616</div>
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Roode, Benjamin. (2003, 28/Jan/2003). Panel: Chinese environmental situation bad, getting better. Retrieved 26/July/2011, 2011, from http://www.shfwire.com/node/2017</div>
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Xinhua. (2008, 11/March/2008). China to set up five new "super ministries". Special Report: NPC, CPPCC Annual Sessions 2008. Retrieved 26/July/2011, 2011, from http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-03/11/content_7765408.htm</div>
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Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-89380316983083205902016-08-20T22:12:00.001-07:002016-08-20T22:12:18.095-07:00CSP2011 Memory Book Submission<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
‘If every American has a chance to travel to China for a week and vice versa, there wouldn’t be so much misunderstanding between the two peoples.’ I heard this quotation on the welcome ceremony. Since then, I always considered this trip as a privilege to learn about what the world and the people are like on the other side of the ocean. Now, through this trip, I am convinced that the US people are friendly, righteous, and humane.</div>
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It is you, the faculty and staff in Georgia Tech, the executives (even those who worked backstage, whose extraordinary effort is all clearly visible) from the language institute, the friends with whom we so quickly got acquainted and so well got along, and the total strangers who waved us hello with a big big smile that form my picture of the nation, the people of the United States of America. Then I hope you do not simply see me and my people as your debt collectors after all…</div>
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In those weeks, I have studied and experienced the vivid history and the desperate struggle of different peoples on this continent; I have carefully shaped my skill of serious paper writing and have accomplished the challenging mission of a research; I have conveyed, discussed, argued, and debated on various ethical issues and pondered, reflected, meditated, and contemplated on the discrepancy and the reason of the discrepancy between my country and yours. And many more, yes, many more things have I learnt. To name a few, I learnt about befriending people with different culture and opinions, I learnt about the criterion of respectable scientific conduct, and about always consulting the peers for reference and information.</div>
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But even more than that, I have found many real role models to be emulated. Kurt is more than the only male instructor in my ASP courses -- he is a man (I remember Walter Lee was also called that). Shuangyi and I are constantly discussing and admiring his descriptive and stimulative lectures, his inspiring sense of humor, his elegant American pronunciation, his gentle and determined manner, and the most important, his radiant charisma which overwhelms every student like the mighty fall of Niagara and even the poncho would fail. America Study is not yet ended, not until I leave this land, for the US is a place where history come to life. I took photo with Rosa Parks in Madam Tussauds, New York City; I recited Martin Luther King Jr’s famous speech at exactly the place he delivered it; I visited the place the United States born.</div>
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And Melisa is not the first writer I have met, but she is so special, and always inspiring and always within reach to help us. Beth is a great teacher; I cherish every second to discuss with her or to have her listen to our discussion. I cannot spare enough space for every loved one, but they are only equally impressive.</div>
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But I have to save my last words for Jason, the Electrical Engineer, the Chinese son-in-law, and the jolly good fellow. I know not why he is so willing to dedicate this much to the ASP, however, I was deeply moved. I definitely will try my best to show the same hospitality to him and his CSP group members, for at least I am indebted – and the check is going to be cashed as long as the bank of justice is still running. Hanging out with Jason is not an elective in the ASP, it is compulsory, and you cannot even play truant because Lucas is right there waiting.</div>
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I am very happy to return to my beloved country, my beautiful Tianjin University, and I cannot wait for the Chinese delicacies; yet I am melancholy to say goodbye to Georgia Tech, I feel so hard to say farewell to the US. Will this experience haunt me in my dreams? I suppose so.</div>
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Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-17959790884504625562016-08-20T22:11:00.002-07:002016-08-20T22:11:28.450-07:00湘戮禽行径绝非孤证,津护鸟努力亟需驰援<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
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<span style="font-family: 楷体_gb2312; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">翻译自<a href="http://rrurl.cn/bTQ90M" rel="home" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" title="Birding Beijing">Birding Beijing</a>博客,博主是Terry Townshend是在北京的英籍观鸟人。他创作这些博文的目的是反映在北京这一复杂而矛盾的城市中的生活体验和观鸟活动。下面这篇博文介绍了天津北大港的非法绝户网(即网眼孔径小、网线很细且不易察觉到不鸟网,天津似无此词汇,山东可能更常用)捕鸟事件,并介绍了Shi Jin发起的China Currents网站上的护鸟行动。作者呼吁更多人关注非法捕鸟和Shi的网页,并希望了解相关政策的读者对捕鸟网相关的法律法规进行详细解读。</span> <span style="font-family: 楷体_gb2312; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">这里列出译文和原文。原文链接:<a href="http://rrurl.cn/9SMPp6" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">http://birdingbeijing.com/2012/10/24/action-against-illegal-mist-nets-in-china/</a></span></div>
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<strong style="font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /></strong><strong style="font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">译文:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />中国反对非法捕鸟网的行动</strong><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />翻译:孟祥溪<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />最近我写了一个关于中国非法绝户网的<a href="http://rrurl.cn/9Qdu0D" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">短篇博文</a>。我在那篇文章中乐观的认为捕杀鸟类的行为可能会慢慢淡出中国。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />我发表那篇博客不久,一个在天津的瑞典观鸟同行在被认定为自然保护区的北大港水库的大片芦苇荡中,发现了长达2km(!)的非法鸟网。这激起了当地爱鸟人士的愤慨,他们在北京和天津的鸟友的协助下,给这些网拍摄了照片,详细报告给当地有关部门,并摧毁了他们能够接近的部分网。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />有在中国相似的栖息地进行鸟类环志标记经验的观鸟者对这一规模的网屠杀鸟类的数量进行了一个粗估。有估计称,在一般情况下,用三条总长250m的绝户网,在早晨3小时期间你可以抓到50到60只鸟并为其带上环志。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />如果我们使用这些数据来做一些简单的数学运算,就可以估计出非法绝户网在北大港保护区带来的破坏,是每日杀戮多达400只鸟。然而,由于环志的数据只是根据清晨3小时的鸟类活动高峰时段估计的,这一数量显然只是下限。2km全天24小时撑开的雾网,其杀戮的实际数量可以轻易超过600只。进一步讲,如果我们考虑3个月的候鸟迁徙期,那么可以算得单单这一条绝户网每年就可以杀死总共55000只鸟。如果中国的海岸线上有20处这样的绝户网(这无疑是保守估计),那么在秋季迁徙过程中遇害鸟类的总数就轻易达到了每年一百万只。这完全不可接受。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />Shi Jin(按:中文名“史進”),一个北京观鸟者,已经忍够了。于是他发起了一个曝光这些非法行为的活动。他用中英文做了一个<a href="http://rrurl.cn/rPRXbl" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">精致的网页</a>,希望能够让不法行为揭露示众。他鼓励网友发来他们相关经历的图片和简短文字介绍。已经有一些网友上传了一些令人震惊的图片。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />与此同时,在本周,一条由长沙晚报记者李峰暗访时拍摄的视频激起了一些中国的社会媒体网络的公愤。视频显示,湖南省的捕鸟人用光引诱夜间迁徙的鸟,并用(非法的)枪支进行猎杀。你可以在这里观看这段(会引起不适的)<a href="http://rrurl.cn/ckIAmh" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">视频</a>。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />令人振奋的是,这些非法活动正受到公众的关注,普通网民对这些刽子手也都是一致谴责的态度。通过提高公众关注度从而影响某些官方力量制止这类行径,我们就有希望根除这种卑鄙的违法活动。 <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />如果你有任何关于中国非法捕鸟的实例,或者你只是想表达你对这一活动的支持,请访问<a href="http://rrurl.cn/rPRXbl" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">这个网站</a>并上传你的经历或者留下评论。让我们持续施压来帮助救援野生鸟类。</div>
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<span style="font-size: 19px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><strong style="font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">原文:</strong></span></div>
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<span class="meta-prep meta-prep-author" style="float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">Posted on</span> <span class="entry-date" style="float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">October 24, 2012</span> </div>
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I recently wrote a <a href="http://rrurl.cn/9Qdu0D" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">short blog post</a> about illegal mist nets in China. In that post I expressed optimism that the practice of trapping and killing birds might be slowly dying out in China.</div>
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Shortly after I wrote that post, a Swedish birding colleague based in Tianjin discovered up to 2km (!) of illegal nets in a large reedbed at Beidagang Reservoir, supposedly a nature reserve. This sparked an outcry from local birders and, with the help of Chinese birding friends in Beijing and Tianjin, these nets have now been photographed, the details reported to the local authorities and those nets that were reachable have been destroyed.</div>
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Birders with experience of ringing birds in similar habitats in China have provided a rough estimate of the number of birds that might be killed in nets of this scale. One explained that, in a typical 3-hour morning period, you would expect to catch and ring 50 to 60 birds in three lines of mist nets with a total length of 250 meters.</div>
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If we use these figures, and simple math, to estimate the impact of the illegal mist nets at Beidagang Reservoir, we reach a total of 400 birds per day. However, this is clearly a minimum as the ringing data is based on only 3 hours of peak activities in the early morning. The real number could easily be 600 or more per day for 2 kms of mist nets that are in place 24 hrs a day. Going further, if we consider a migration period of 3 months, this gives a total of 55,000 birds that could be killed every year in this single line of mist nets. If there are 20 places like this along the chinese coast (which is undoubtedly a conservative estimate), the total quickly multiplies to 1 million birds killed every year during autumn migration. This is simply unacceptable.</div>
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Shi Jin, a Beijing-based birder, has had enough and has started a new initiative to publicise this illegal activity. A<a href="http://rrurl.cn/rPRXbl" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">dedicated web page</a> has been set up, in Chinese and English, with the purpose of highlighting and shaming those involved. Readers are encouraged to send in photographs and short texts about their experiences. Already several contributors have uploaded some shocking images.</div>
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At the same time, there has been outcry on Chinese social media networks this week after a video was published by undercover journalist Li Feng from Changsha Evening News showing how hunters in Hunan Province are using lights to lure in migrants at night before blasting them with (illegal) guns. You can view the (disturbing) video<a href="http://rrurl.cn/ckIAmh" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"> here.</a></div>
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It is encouraging that this illegal activity is now receiving public attention and the reaction of ordinary netizens has been overwhelmingly hostile towards the perpetrators. By building public awareness and increasing the pressure on the police and local authorities to put a stop to this practice, there is a chance that this disgusting and illegal activity can be eradicated.</div>
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If you have any examples of illegal bird trapping in China, or would simply like to offer your support to this campaign, please <a href="http://rrurl.cn/rPRXbl" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">visit the site</a> and either upload your experiences or leave a comment. Let’s keep up the pressure to help save these wild birds.</div>
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附1:Terry Townshend给译者的留言回复</div>
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Dear Xiangxi,<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />Thank you for your comment. It is great to hear from you. Of course, I would be delighted if you were able to translate my post into Chinese and publish on Chinese social networking sites.. The more publicity we can generate the better! Please let me know what response you receive.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />Best wishes, Terry</div>
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附2:史進给译者的Email</div>
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Dear Meng Xiangxi</div>
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Thanks for your message.</div>
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I am happy that the website can help to inspire others.</div>
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Please do circulate it to as many people as possible.</div>
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Also PLEASE ask them to link to it on their weibo.</div>
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PLEASE also ask them to write to popular weibo uses and ask them to help.</div>
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The more we can highlight the problem, AND the more we can highlight the great work of the local heroes from Tianjin, the better it will be for the birds.</div>
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Best regards from Beijing</div>
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Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-28532574014641576652016-08-20T22:10:00.002-07:002016-08-20T22:10:48.519-07:00龚克校长在2013南开大学毕业晚会上引用的周恩来的诗歌<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">送蓬仙兄[1]返里有感</span><br />
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(亦称为《赠友人》,1916)</div>
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相逢萍水亦前缘,</div>
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负笈津门岂偶然。</div>
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扪虱倾谈[2]惊四座,</div>
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持螯下酒[3]话当年。</div>
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险夷不变应尝胆,[4]</div>
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道义争担敢息肩。</div>
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待得归农功满[5]日,</div>
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他年预卜买邻钱[6]。</div>
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[1]:蓬仙兄是作者的同窗好友张蓬仙,吉林人,1913年与作者同时考人天津南开学校,一起创办“敬业乐群会”,并担任首任会长。在张蓬仙即将回故乡并前往日本留学之际,当时任“敬业乐群会”副会长的周恩来便写了这三首诗相赠。次年,作者也东渡日本,他们之间往来频繁。张蓬仙归国后,于1931年九一八事件前后病逝于北京。</div>
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引自:<a href="http://rrurl.cn/ejJy0A" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">http://xuewen.cnki.net/R2006060720000004.html</a> <span style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">《共和国领袖大辞典·周恩来卷》</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">[2]:扪虱倾谈化用典故出自《晋书·王猛传》:“桓温入关,猛被褐而诣之,一面谈当世之事,扪虱而言,旁若无人。”其事迹似乎也见于《世说新语》但是暂时没找到原文。个人理解有几层意思,首先可以泛指青年无所拘束的闲谈,同时说明颜色态度从容,最后还暗含一种襟抱未展的意思。</span></div>
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[3]:持螯下酒的典故出自《世说新语·任诞》,至于刘艺庆的资料来源我倒没考证。原文:“ 毕茂世云:'一手持蟹螯,一手持酒杯,拍浮酒池中,便足了一生。'”毕茂世是一个江左名(chi)士(huo),在那个年代他的最高理想就是吃螃蟹喝酒。这个典故是常被引用的,多抒发激荡之情。</div>
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[4]:这句话很难理解,我个人不好把握。险夷这个词汇,有人解释为艰难与顺利。*那么这句话的意思似乎是,无论艰难与顺利,所不变的是应卧薪尝胆(从而追寻道义,弘扬实落的道义)。百度百科**认为这个词是偏义用法,那么理解方式就是,即便遇到艰难险阻都不改本心,励志卧薪尝胆(以担当道义)。个人较为赞同后一种说法。</div>
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*:<a href="http://rrurl.cn/lRMHpC" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">http://cd.kdd.cc/T/63J/</a></div>
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<a href="http://rrurl.cn/lRMHpC" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"></a></div>
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**:<a href="http://rrurl.cn/hA8kby" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">http://baike.baidu.com/view/418175.htm</a> (time of access: 24th Jun 2013)</div>
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[5]:归农没啥好说的,中国古代的文化传统,认为人成就功业之后要归隐农桑,才算是圆满人生(试问魏晋以来有几人做到?)。功满大概是功业圆满之意。</div>
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[6]:典见《南史·吕僧珍传》:“宋季雅罢南康郡.市宅居,居僧珍宅侧。僧珍问宅价,日:‘一千一百万。’怪其贵,季雅日:‘一百万买宅,千万买邻。”’意谓你是我的好邻居,为了和你居住到一起.我是不惜金钱付出的。由此.诗人遐想,革命胜利后,年老功成,一定要争取再次相聚。成为好邻居,永不分离。一笔缠绵的结尾,足见二人结缘之深。</div>
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引自:单济康.战斗情谊结津门——读周恩来的《送蓬仙兄返里有感》之一[J].中华诗词,2007,(10):55-56.</div>
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试翻译成现代汉语:</div>
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我们萍水相逢,共同在天津求学,这一定是前世的缘分,并非偶然。想当年我们怀着青年的抱负畅谈,语惊四座;愿重逢时,我们还能够拥有激荡的心情,一起怀想过去。即便遇到再大的困难,我们也要卧薪尝胆,因为弘扬道义的责任在我们肩上不能卸下。等到以后我们已经实现了理想,从伟大的事业中退出,我一定会不惜代价做你的邻居。</div>
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龚校长次韵诗:</div>
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相聚南开毕业缘,</div>
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研习戏嬉自陶然。</div>
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业师箴言铭右座,</div>
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学友厚谊伴华年。</div>
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敢上高峰砺铮胆,</div>
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勇担大义凭铁肩。</div>
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南浦骊歌壮来日,</div>
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公能正道更无前!</div>
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附记:</div>
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一开始龚克讲话的时候说要引用周恩来东渡之前赠友人的诗,我还以为是所谓的《大江歌罢掉头东》呢。故复制粘贴于此,以免下次看到总理像前的石头,还是不认识那上面的字。</div>
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大江歌罢掉头东,</div>
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邃密群科济世穷。</div>
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面壁十年图破壁,</div>
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难酬蹈海亦英雄</div>
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Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-55865291479593321742016-08-20T22:04:00.000-07:002016-08-20T22:04:14.928-07:00南开十植物<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
2013年7月7日 至 2014年5月12日</div>
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本文部分章节修改后发表于《南开研究生》2014年第三期。</div>
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本文部分章节修改后授权给“发微Faraway”微信公共号。</div>
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修改手记:</div>
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<span style="font-family: 黑体; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">今天这个日志又被孙鹏学弟翻出来了。晚上的时候我去生科院报告厅听了顾红雅老师的一场关于燕园植物的讲座。讲座后面有个有奖抢答环节,老师放出一张植物的照片让同学们回答其名称。我知道的植物种类不多,而那些知道名字的植物又抢不到回答机会。突然老师放出了一组奇怪树木的图片,报告厅一片困惑,当展示到第三张图片——该植物果实的时候,我眼前一亮。离开南开之前我有一天想要再去找找那些一直没见到过的植物,其中一个就是它,海州常山。我回答的有些犹豫,但是老师很满意,她问我是怎么知道的。我说有个学长带我看过(虽然虫哥只是在电话里告诉我它的位置,而且我最终还是没有找到)。老师又问我这种树在(燕园的)哪里有分布,我只能回答:“我母校南开大学。”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 黑体; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">来了燕园一年多了,几乎每天都要东西向穿过整个校园。从一开始怀有燕园过客的感觉,到现在竟然似乎草木关情了,怕是若干年后也要再讲出别样的植物故事了。下面这几篇短文讲的其实并不是植物故事,而是人的故事。植物的故事一直都是人的故事:今天顾红雅老师的演讲让我特别的感动,因为从她不经意的细节中我听出来了汪劲武老前辈、刘华杰老师、许智宏校长以及顾老师本人的淳朴学风和纯真人格,他们的生命痕迹已经编码进燕园草木的遗传密码了。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 黑体; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">世事代谢,循环往复,终于轮到14届的毕业生感怀的时节。当初写作的时候我就在想,一年之后会不会有人还记得我的故事,抑或是,关于我的南开植物故事。那么我就简单的改一改。一方面是纪念自己在北京大学艰难求索的一年时光,一方面是致飨南开校园中那些结束和开始人生历程的人们。这里只是细节的修改,包括文字和排版的更正和细节表述的调整。</span></div>
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2014年5月11日于北京大学畅春园宿舍</div>
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按:</div>
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<span style="font-family: 黑体; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">大四下半学期,我在北京大学进行毕业论文研究的时候有幸在北大绿协组织的认植物活动中第一次见到汪劲武先生。汪老对我触动很大,不仅在于他对燕园植物如数家珍般的熟识,也还在于他对植物学的态度。汪老的植物学已经不仅仅是一种值得追求的学术,而事实上,植物学也可以是一种生活情趣。八十五岁的汪老一上午柏拉图学院形式的身教让我不得不思索个人生活的短小历史与周遭植物之间的联系。所幸这种联系是很普遍的,特别是在我生活多年的校园中——家庭生活的两个,本科前的三个,天津的两个以及燕园。当时我就产生一种冲动,想要把这些生活点滴琐碎付诸文字。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 黑体; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">后来我完成了主要实验工作,回到天津开始论文写作以及处理毕业事务。这段时间也正是我和环科院博士学长小虫以及与我同届的木棉相处最密切的一段时间。我们三个即将远离而对此园充满眷恋的准毕业生一起将情思掩藏在了南开草木的韧皮之下、须根之间,将骊歌倾洒在新开湖畔而被灰椋鸟衔走筑进东艺树林的巢中。我们在南开最后的记忆充满了植物的清芬与雏鸟的试鸣声,在这种情绪中写作的欲望终于控制了我。于是在图书馆一个天很蓝的午后,我在论文卡壳时看到窗口的几只喜鹊飞掠过圆柏,不自主的在键盘上敲下了《南开十植物》的标题。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 黑体; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">出乎意料的是,很多同届的毕业生和学弟学妹们表示非常喜欢我的短文,并鼓励我如约写完十植物。在这压力下我愿意非常诚恳的把人生故事和同学们分享,最终竟然写完了——虽然后来质量有所下降。我曾开玩笑的说要发在BBS上赚取原创分,现在既已成稿,便不揣鄙陋,完成这夙愿。也希望读者对其不科学之处不吝指正。</span></div>
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修改开始于2013年10月4日,徐州家中</div>
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1.北村旁边的英国梧桐(二球悬铃木)</div>
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我在苏北的城市长大,三球悬铃木和大叶黄杨是我生活中最常见的树木,其次是侧柏。至于银杏和水杉,就算是比较稀罕的了。我曾经常百无聊赖的剥落法桐身上的老皮,也曾比较不同年份它们落叶的规律。我曾在成堆的落叶中检查每一片叶子膨大的叶柄,徒劳的希望理解它们凋亡的过程。我也曾无数次在清晨醒来,循着梦中的声响望见楼下被大笤帚卷走的落叶。</div>
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但是只有在南开,我才发现平常如悬铃木的植物也可以富有浪漫主义精神。</div>
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有一次和同学谈到这种植物,他说“二球悬铃木”是个有诗意的名字,比“英国梧桐”要好。我则完全不以为然,其实“梧桐”承载的文化意象要远多于这三个虽有画面感但语感陌生的字眼。“异国的梧桐”,更是在梧桐的意象上加上了一层转折,将植物和土地联系在一起。</div>
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而北村旁边这一株英国梧桐的形态则更直接的诠释了蕴藏在平凡草木中的不羁精神:这是一株疯长的英桐。我是在大一上半学期一次实验课之后才注意到它的。当时我从实验楼推车出来,刚走上大中路,便看到右侧的草坪上一棵大树。刚做完一下午的实验,我已经头晕眼花,竟看不出这是一颗悬铃木。当我走上近旁,看到夕阳中的树猛地眼前一亮:它健硕的树冠嚣张的向外向上膨胀,因此主干尤其显得粗短而健硕。落日正是在其最佳的时刻,接近水平打过来的暖色光线勾勒出晚秋的悬铃木简明的轮廓。我突然记起以前见过的悬铃木,大多每隔几年就要把树冠整个截掉仿佛斩首,恐怕这才是真正无空间限制的悬铃木的生长状态——膨胀,爆炸,延展,肆无忌惮。</div>
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说起悬铃木,还有另一个故事。那是一次我去听生科院的有机化学课(那节课讲的是糖化学)并冒充某同学点名答到——这节课是元素所某青年老师讲的。他的PPT第一页就是新开湖北侧的悬铃木,他说这里发生过一个和糖有关的故事:当时这位老师在南开上学,由于国家粮食不多,他很缺乏糖类。有一次他和女友在新开湖约会时就在这悬铃木边纵身一跃,于是乎——把当月粮票全掉湖里了。当时我就觉得这个故事好冷,现在回想起来还是觉得好冷。</div>
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据树牌介绍,那棵英桐移植自南京,乃苏籍,因此我又对其更有了别样的感情。</div>
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2.老图的水杉</div>
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我现在可以说完成了一项南开成就,姑且命名为“老图党”,那就是本科八个学期每学期都以老图为根据地。最后一学期我本应在北京做毕设,可是我和导师强烈要求回到南开撰写论文:因为我的论文必须在南开老图完成,这是我本科学术灵感的源泉,何况现在老图有无线网了,也具备了写论文的条件。后来,我在毕业论文的致谢中,特别提到了老图。</div>
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南开老图前面有两个植被茂密的区域,里面有椿树、红叶李、暴马丁香、雪松等很多非常园林的树种,同时也有非常本土的槐树。树木茂密,也引来了各色鸟类,光我知名且不太常见的就有柳莺、夜鹭、小鸮、灰头绿啄木鸟。我非常喜欢这个地方,把它作为我的秘密花园。</div>
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(写到这里的时间是2013年6月5日15:26,我在老图的三层阅览室一边写作,一边听一群喜鹊的聒噪。这群不友好的鸟类倒是经常打架,就像现在窗外所进行的一样。真是一群暴徒。)</div>
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水杉和银杏作为少有的两种裸子植物,被称作活化石。大概小学一二年级的时候爸爸从中关村图书大厦给他自己买了一本科普书上面提到了这一点。当时我也会去看他的书,虽然不是特别能看懂,却记住了两个活化石的名字。银杏我幼儿园的时候就见过,因为老师曾经带我们去校园里寻找各种各样的叶子,其中就包括扇形的银杏叶(我到大学的时候还常常提起这次活动,因为它告诉我们“博物学”的熏陶可以从小孩子开始并且将会对他的人生产生重大影响)。水杉是小学高年级的时候一次春游中在泉山森林公园看到的。看到的时候我无比震惊——这真的是非常稀少的活化石么?后来到了撷秀中学,操场旁边一排水杉,就有些见惯了。</div>
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而老图右前方的这棵又有其特别之处。除了枝干挺立外,每年会洒下一层脱落的叶片,覆盖在草地上。我很长一段时间天天从它旁边经过,几乎每次都想踩一踩草坪,感受一下落<span style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">叶的质感。而苦于不愿跨越冬青树篱,只尝试过一次。</span></div>
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我第一次看到鹭是小学的时候,在新沂的一个护鸟者的林地里。他跟我们说了好多关于鹭类的知识,而多年以后我竟然发现我还记得好多。但是我从未想到过在南开校园里竟能看到夜鹭。当听说夜鹭就在老图的时候,我虽然怀疑但还是每天留意——但是一直没见到。直到虫哥带着我来到老图的时候,我才确信眼见为实。那天下午,他把望远镜递给我,指向一颗白杨,我看不到;倏忽他又带着我和木棉迅速移动到老图前面,那个水泥地上被人写了“I♡NK”的地方,指向一颗圆柏——这时木棉看到了,我的望远镜视野里却依然只是杂乱的树枝。不久,那只苍鹭一跃而起,落在了这棵水杉上,其优雅的姿态一下子在我视野里暴露无遗。鸟之优美,和树之挺拔,相映成趣,宛如图画。从此,再看到鹭鸟有关的意象,我脑中挥之不去的就是碧空映衬下灰白的大鸟,在这棵南开水杉上的光影。</div>
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这几只鹭,在南开停留了一季。这一季,每次来老图前后,我都看看它们。它们有时在屋檐下,有时在水杉树梢,有时运气好,可以看到它们振翅一飞的样子。</div>
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写于2013年6月5日</div>
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3.四教背后的毛白杨</div>
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杨树,应该是我家乡徐州附近比较常见的一种树。小时候如果去周边郊县的话,出城后公路旁一般都会栽植杨树。铁路两旁也有很多,但都是一晃而过的树影,看不清。坐汽车的时候,我爸爸会给我讲杨树的眼睛,我一看,真的是有。</div>
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后来学了工科,成为了未来的化工工程师(虽然我已经改行,这个一般将来时估计没有机会变成一般现在时了)。到了天大,我安装的第一个软件就是AspenPlus。Aspen往往被翻译成白杨,但是我印象中的白杨这个单词是poplar,而且思源堂前面的白杨树上挂着的树牌,拉丁名也是叫populus。不过不论怎样,用Aspen模拟那些高温高压高技术含量的工艺流程的时候,我偶尔会在脑海里把玩这个词汇——aspen,纠结它到底是哪种杨树,和我在天大的宿舍楼下那几棵一样么?</div>
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说起来白杨,我第一次参加绿色营时候住同一个帐篷的同学,自然名就是这种植物。他是山东人,敦实可靠,像泰山石;又朴实谦和,像毛白杨。他来南开的时候我指着白杨直窜而上的树干调侃他,他也只是憨厚的笑笑,似乎并不认同这之间的联系。而我觉得他的人格确乎是有白杨的质感的,除了他在一次严重的事件中替我们扛下很大的压力外,更是因为他不声不响的进行了一学期的训练,然后骑车去了青藏高原。其实根据《中国植物志》载,毛白杨喜温和的平原地区,估计上不了青藏高原。</div>
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前年初秋,我提出了一个天津市高校落叶观赏手册的庞大编纂计划,但是由于我没有用力鼓吹,加之想法远大于行动力,于是流产。不过我个人倒是自得其乐的欣赏到了六里台到八里台的落叶。有些时候,我会和汪汪同学一起在天大那些不清扫的落叶从中搜索小昆虫;还有时候,我会坐在新开湖北侧,将一片片悬铃木的叶子投入水中,看它们的涟漪。</div>
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而那年冰树姐回来南开的时候,我、汪汪、木棉还有虫哥和她一起在校园里游荡,希望能看到一些不常见的鸟类。我已经记不起那天看到了什么,但是对四教的毛白杨却念念不忘。临近日落,我们五人正好游到大中路尽头。虫哥说喜鹊就快回家了,提议我们就在这里守株待兔。于是我们就钻进了那片白杨林。我当时觉得,这片林地糟透了——明显是人工栽植的,行列齐整——而鸟类是低智商的生物,担心的是食无肉,而绝不是居无竹,所以才在这种居民小区式的树林里安家。此时正逢初冬,草地上铺着一薄层杨树的落叶,以及零散的细枝。不知是谁起意(这么无聊,估计是我),我们开始一边翻弄树叶一边等待归巢的鸟。后来汪汪开始往他自己身上堆落叶,我们看他这样做,便索性帮他堆起来。我们收集了周围一大片草坪的叶子,然后统统倒在汪汪身上。汪汪就这样躺在落叶堆中,直到被完全覆盖起来……当时我们玩得很开心,甚至没有察觉喜鹊都回来了。</div>
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此后每从大中路走过,我都会扭头看那片不好看的林地。</div>
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4.老图的商陆</div>
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这个系列一开始本来想学刘华杰《北大最美的十棵树》,叫《南开十树》,但是我不能不写一种多年生草本植物——商陆,于是严谨起见,改为现在的名字。</div>
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我一直感到困惑,我能说出家门口行道树和灌木的名称,到了邻居家花园里也会被告知各种栽植的植物的名字,但却对足下文化中野草之美所知甚少。我小时候上呼吸道感染咳嗽不止,曾经和妈妈一起在院子里挖车前草,并与采得的枇杷叶一同煎水服用。由于是自己亲手挖的,竟并不觉得苦涩,而非常愿意喝。我小时候有一把小铲子,如同现在卖煎饼馃子的那种。当荠菜还嫩的时候,我会去院子里挖这种散发着独特清香的植物,回来给妈妈洗净做汤。这种汤极鲜美,令人难忘。(李文浩说庆丰的荠菜馅儿包子很不错,我去尝试了一下没有找到记忆中的味觉。)我小时候和爸妈去菜市场,总是好奇为何买不到荠菜。爸妈解释为,这种野菜尚未被驯化,无法在农业上栽培。彼时我就想学农业,征服这一物种,不过最终没能遂愿。除此之外,我还认识马齿苋,虽然没有吃过。据说马齿苋是酸的,我苏北老乡汪曾祺的奶奶吃斋的时候会吃这种菜的包子。除了这三种野菜,外加蒲公英一类的小花,我对园林绿化用草的种类毫无了解。事实上,这些足下之美,在数量上远远超过灌木和乔木。</div>
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有些跑题了,商陆虽为草本,但绝非小花小草。虽然长在老图门口的杂草丛中,甚至被冬<span style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">青的灌木丛掩蔽,但是2010年左右这株植物一露头,就被我注意到了。它很特别,特别之处在于大和快。叶子宽大,不类其他草本,长势迅猛,似乎吃个午饭的功夫就又变高了。它的根基部分泛着紫色,尤其特殊。我当时并不知道它的名字,只感觉挺有意思的。</span></div>
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后来它开出了一串白色的小花,我曾经仔细的观察过。我一直以为这就是最典型的“柔荑花序”,还自作风雅的联想起诗经里的美人手,觉得再恰当不过。可是今天一查资料发现那可不是柔荑花序,而是总状花序。说来也是,我忽略了重要的一点,那个花明显是两性花啊,柔荑花序一般应是单性花。</div>
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不知什么时候,商陆膨胀起一串浆果。我给生科院的张游看,他告诉我这就是商陆。啊,商陆!虽然第一次听说但感觉非常熟悉的名字。检索发现商陆的名字可能是由苋陆讹传,而苋陆这个名字则毫不风雅。我一直怀疑商陆的名字和清商三调有关,看来又一次自作多情了。张游告诉我,这些被鸟吃掉不少的浆果(有周围的深紫色鸟粪为证)还有一个有意思的玩法:如果在手中把它捏碎,则汁液会把手给染紫,良久方褪。我问他这是否意味着商陆果实可以做天然染料,他不清楚。不过我倒是用商陆的果实把一条裤子给弄紫了,废了好大劲才洗掉(似乎商陆的生色团怕碱)。那以后我就盼着商陆结实的季节,采来这种鸟类的口粮,用它来染手指或者其他什么东西。</div>
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我非常喜欢老图的这株商陆,看到它连遭摧残,我也会自作多情的感到悲戚和痛苦。商陆的繁盛期只有第一年,到了第二年花季的一天,这株植物不知为何横遭腰斩,此后多次看到它新添各种伤痕。我也只能表示郁闷,并没有任何办法。可喜的是商陆还活着,还在开美人手一样的花穗,还在结着深紫红色的浆果,还有鸟以此为食。而我却不忍再采摘它日益稀少的果实,压抑着玩心,给鸟多一份生存的空间,也给商陆少一点繁殖的压力。</div>
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后来到了天大,在浴园侧面发现一些商陆,如见到老友一般,非常欣悦。而我去玉米地浴园(即七里台浴园)的次数不多,因此并没有像对南开商陆一样痴迷,也好久没有重访它们了。</div>
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写于2013年6月6日</div>
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5.马蹄湖荷花</div>
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敬业广场书声朗,马蹄湖水映荷花。</div>
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南开校花是西府海棠,南开大学没有特别的校花。北大校友,中科院植物研究所的刘夙写过一篇有趣的文章,说北大的校花应该是连翘。北大有很多有意思的花,刘夙建议的连翘我并没有太多体会。不过如果让我给南开大学建议校花的话,我想,我会选择马蹄湖荷花。</div>
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听人说过莲在园艺和鉴赏上的谱系分类,感觉非常复杂。我也不知道马蹄湖的荷花是莲的哪一种,更不知道二主楼前的那些与其亲缘关系如何。只是知道和我初中校园里的那些是不同的。初中时候校园里有两处荷塘,内有变异奇特的金鱼,鱼戏莲叶间。我和几个同学没事时候经常聚在荷塘假山旁边看那些鱼,编它们之间的罗曼蒂克——当然鱼长得很类似,除了颜色之外无法分别,再加上荷花荷叶的掩蔽使其时隐时现,因此故事就越编越乱了。(写到这里我忍不住敲入了GoogleMaps的网址定位到了我初中校园。)春天,樱花的花瓣会被东风吹进池塘;秋天,会有合欢树的花朵坠下。</div>
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我倒很难把马蹄湖想象成一个风雅的地方,我觉得马蹄湖更像是苦难的象征。每个冬天,马蹄湖的湖底连同一池枯荷都会无遮掩的暴露在冷空气中,这让我感觉非常没有尊严。每次看到黢黑的底泥我都觉得恶心,都会快步通过并扭过头去,虽然我知道这底泥是好花的根基所在。每次有中国或者外国朋友来南开,经过马蹄湖,我都会告诉他据说南开是二战中受损最严重的高等学校,告诉他与马蹄湖关于大中路对称的“南马蹄”就是被海光寺日军的炮火炸平的。马蹄湖见证了八里台校园的全部历史,即便南开跑掉了,马蹄湖也依然代表南开承受苦难。陈洪老师曾有诗曰:“易安绝唱南迁后,菡萏凉生秋水寒。”荷花代表了南开从苦难中获得的新生,即便是“残荷零落向西风”,也等得“千春犹待发华滋”(叶嘉莹先生描写马蹄湖荷花诗句)。</div>
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马蹄湖的荷花,是伴随马蹄湖而存在的。事实上,在30年代南开地图上,马蹄湖的地方被标为“北莲池”。二主楼挂着一些南开的历史图片,有一张让我印象深刻,那是从马蹄湖看木斋图书馆的俯拍。从那张图片中可以看到,南北马蹄均有荷叶,而北马蹄似乎更盛。不知在从1923到2013这90年的时间里,马蹄湖的荷花是否还是一脉相承。北大生科院白书农老师有个观点,认为植物的生命是永续的。如果真是如此,那么我们的生命就愈显苍白。我2009到2013在南开见证的马蹄湖荷花,或许仅仅是其生命史中微不足道的一个音符罢了。马蹄湖的荷花,乃是南开的真长老,南开的真主人。奉劝龚校长不必纠结大学的主人是学生还是老师了,其实是荷花。</div>
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我爱荷花的理由是我爱南开。不过我想更多的南开人爱荷花却更纯粹,只是爱它本身。原先考“思修四姐妹”的之前我会和同学出去通宵背书,每次吃完早饭从东门入,大概6时左右,可以看到长枪短炮对准荷塘。没有早起过的人不会想到这个时段的马蹄湖竟然是最热闹的,大批爱好摄影的老年人会把湖边每一个适宜拍照的位置占满,他们不停的快门声不时会惊起一只小癞蛤蟆什么的。</div>
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去年有一些美国学生和我们一起上课,他们看到马蹄湖的时候问我他们在南开的时候能否看到荷花开放,我说:“Hopefully.”结果荷花开得太迟。今年也有一群美国学生和我学弟学妹们一起上课,他们问了我同样的问题,我给出了同样的答案。结果荷花依然没有提前开放。</div>
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6. 生科院的拟南芥</div>
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大一的时候,我独自探索天大的图书馆。第一次走进闭架书库五层,古老的西文书库。除了惊异于各种乱七八糟字母文字的排列组合和书脊上浓厚的积灰以外,我鬼使神差的走到了Q的区域,抽出了几本书像破译甲骨文一样的研究它们是什么。我当时自以为英文程度甚好,因此没遇到太大困难。只是有一本书让我大惑不解,名字叫Arabidopsis。乍一看莫非是拉丁文的?草草一翻插图,竟然二百多页的专著讲的都是一种植物,细到每一片叶子,每一个发育阶段。一定是一本园艺学的书,我想。</div>
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大二,部分是由于饶子和校长的鼓励,我开始了在生科院生物化学系的本科科研。我主要做的是一种生物相容性材料,在新生物站三楼。由于实验室的位置距离各个楼梯/电梯都很近,我就经常从各种路线进出实验室。从走廊上我认识了好多神秘的仪器设备:蒸汽灭菌锅、摇床、-80冰箱、恒温培养箱等等。有一些屋子很奇怪,是属于植物学的课题组,里面种植的东西似乎永远被光照着。特别是在新生物站中间的羽毛球场,可以看到二楼的房间,直到晚上看不见球了还是亮着灯的。</div>
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后来慢慢的,我知道了这种植物的真实身份,就是Arabidopsis,拟南芥,和E. Coli、Balb/c、C elegans、Danio rerio、drosophila齐名的模式生物。拟南芥或许是人类认识最充分的一种植物了。</div>
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其实关于拟南芥,那本二百多页的专著也只能揭示一点点。这种植物具有非常小的基因组,因此它的所有秘密几乎都暴露在阳光下了。植物学家能够非常方便的操作这种植物,利用它的遗传与变异,工程化它的全部生命史。每念及此,我会无端的觉得拟南芥挺可怜。</div>
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就像动物保护主义者不喜欢把小鼠、大鼠、兔子、恒河猴当成实验动物一样,拟南芥的伦理地位如何?我不敢想。仅仅是实验动物就已经很富有争议了。今年5月4日下午2时左右,在北大庆祝其校庆的时候我北京实验室师兄的一只宠物仓鼠寿终正寝,享年两到三岁,至死性别不详。我当天清理了它的笼子,带上口罩手套护目镜,小心的用口袋把它的尸体包裹起来,然后放在了存放实验鼠尸体的冰箱里。这孩子的尸体就和那些贵重的裸鼠以及廉价的小白鼠堆在一起,过几天会有人把它们集体送到生科院去无害化处理。这种生命的轮回耐人寻味。</div>
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回到拟南芥,它的生命又价值几何?</div>
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前几天北大生科院斑马鱼房失火,所幸无人员伤亡,过火面积仅限于养鱼的系统。于是很多PhD的多年心血毁于一旦。我想到了很多医学院和实验动物中心的实验动物纪念碑,我想为实验动物和实验植物哀悼一下。</div>
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写于2013年6月21日</div>
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中国共产党优秀党员、中国民主同盟盟员,国家最高科学技术奖获得者,中国科学院院士、全国人民代表大会第五、六、七届代表,中国科学院昆明植物研究所名誉所长,中国植物学会名誉理事长,著名植物学家吴征镒先生因病医治无效,于2013年6月20日1时31分在昆明逝世,享年97岁。在撰写本系列的时候我频繁的参考了伟大的巨著《中国植物志》的在线版,同时在南开学习期间我也偶尔去翻阅老图四楼理科参考阅览室里的纸本图书。吴先生是编纂《中国植物志》的老一辈植物学、植物分类学家中最重要的代表人,在此表示哀悼。</div>
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7.新开湖槐树</div>
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一个学校不能没有水。我去过的天津师大新校区,那一片水面美极了,是整个校园的亮点。我去过天津理工的新校区,那也是大片的水面。我去过天津财大的新校区,印象最深刻的,还是它的湖水。</div>
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10年前左右,我在中国矿业大学度过了很多的时光。矿大(文昌校区,当时只有那个校区)主楼和图书馆之间的人工湖是我最喜欢的。仅仅是看水怎么从高处一级一级流下来就是很有乐趣的事情了,我总喜欢想象那是一个巨大的船闸,想象水面升升降降,想象闸门开开合合,想象船只来来往往——而实际上,那里只有阶梯状的几个池子罢了。我跟我爸爸在这个人工湖学习(但没学会)打水漂,用的是湖畔的碎冰。后来高二学业水平测试之前的周末,我和学霸周莹洁来到高中校园一侧的西河(一条臭水沟)散步,我们不知怎么竟然捡起来小石头打起水漂来。周莹洁水漂水平一流,它的石头可以在水面走好久,飞好远,跳好多次。而我只是有在人工湖上习得的拙劣技能,被他完胜。那天玩的很开心,一直到学业水平测试都感觉很爽,一直到现在都感觉很爽。</div>
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后来到了南开,滞留在老图(我现在在老图三楼阅览室门外的桌子上!),陪伴着新开湖。矩形的新开湖毫无特色,比起未名湖那个海洋更是逊色,先前陈名明学长还喟叹过这一点。但是新开湖水却已经流入我的血脉,新开湖连同二主楼前的快板和八扇屏、图书馆前弹拨着民谣的吉他、老学活旁随着查尔达什舞曲跃动的口琴和大中路边流淌出舒伯特小夜曲的小提琴构成了我南开一梦色彩最绚丽的一部分。我曾抚摸过新开湖畔每一棵灌木的主干,包括槐树黑色的皱褶。</div>
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槐树是华北平原常见的一种树,它典型的羽状复叶和皴皱树皮是极易辨别的。新开湖西侧则有一排槐树,从入学我就很喜欢它们。然而大二的一天,我从老图匆匆赶到二主上课,看到五虎路上来了一辆蓝色卡车。下课回到老图,车还停在那里,只是一些工人围在一棵老槐周围,拿着电锯绕树工作。想起来这几棵槐树枝干伸展,有时延伸到五虎路上阻碍交通,莫非学校是要对它们下手了?我想到初中课文里王鼎钧的《那树》,想到这些见证南开人生命的树木恐怕也难逃“几千条断根压在一层石子一层沥青又一层柏油下闷死”的厄运,不由感到很难过。过了几天,才发现这次只是移除那棵即将倾倒的危树,其余的槐树不仅不会被砍伐,而且还会进行维护。</div>
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现在那棵树的树桩还在,只是年轮并不分明。我会记得这棵歪斜的树,记住倚靠着它的时间。</div>
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6月1日我与天津绿色营的同学们从天津西站沿子牙河徒步18km到杨柳青。一路上目睹波光夕照,鹭鸟翔集,高铁飞驰,芦苇摇曳。我特意观察了河畔,除了垂柳、白蜡较多,另有些栾树、榆树、椿树外,主要就是槐树。但是槐也是环境变化的吹哨者。2011年夏天我参加天津绿色营,一个有露水的早晨我们早七里海保护区核心区徒步。一开始极目所至皆为遍天芦苇,偶有水烛香蒲相点缀。不时,走到一处人类活动略多的地带,竟然在荒野上看到一株孓立的槐。似乎是当地的保护人士吕绍生先生后来解释道,这湿地的植物演替也反应了地理环境的变化。当初古海岸的时候,是不可能有芦苇的,这种挺水植物的存在已经说明九河下梢的没落。而槐这种旱地植物,则暗示了湿地下一步的命运。</div>
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在未名湖,汪劲武老师指给我们看一棵树,并且纠正我们不要叫“国槐”——它的学名是“槐”。一抬头,发现一条小枝正好伸到我面前,展开一丛复叶。我抚摸着它,仿佛回到了南开。</div>
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8.天南街蜀葵</div>
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其实,天南街应该像“Peiyang”这个词汇一样被埋葬了,六七八里台不存在这样一个地名,也划不出这样一块儿区域,叫作“天南街”。</div>
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家住军校,门口有一菜市场叫西阁街,曾经脏乱不堪,我小时候若是穿凉鞋则绝不愿意去那里,因为怕把脚弄脏。西阁街有些食肆,我家里是绝对不会光顾的,因为嫌脏。而据说军校毕业的学员,或有军功卓著者,或有位高权重者,却无不怀恋西阁街的吃食,甚至有谈及此地可声泪俱下者。</div>
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传说天南街也是这样一个去处。传说彼时现天津大学26教学楼和现南开大学新老体育馆、南开大学操场之间的区域是开放的,并没有围栏(2013级的同学们不会知道,天南楼之间的南北向栏杆是2013年才焊上的,天南门栏杆太多,是合办专业同学心中的纠结,两校这是在提防什么,还是在占有什么?)。传说彼时天南街也是人烟市井之地,而非现在连荒草都没有的死地。不过现在也有好处,年初的Pan-STARRS彗星在近日点附近随太阳落下的时候我和北洋天协的同学们就是朝着这个方向看的。在天大时期的一个实验室在天南楼六楼,于是我经常在C、D座报告厅的楼顶向天南街的方向看去,傍晚可以看到太阳坠到天际线上很低的位置。</div>
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我入学的时候并不知道这里有蜀葵,或许看到这花也并没有在意。大一来天大的机会不多,而且当时天南门通行比较顺畅,不会多做停留,另外26楼尚在建设,天南街不便接近。第二学期临近期末的一天我和张游在图书馆复习,不知为何我们就都看不动书了,然后就溜达到天南街附近。那天我第一次看到蜀葵,不知道张游之前是否见过,但是我们俩就都被这满枝的花朵吸引了,顾不上别的事情。我仔细研究起这奇特的花朵,徒劳的想从它们单纯的或混合的花瓣颜色中找到遗传学的规律,想研究它花瓣重数、花瓣边缘形式和雄蕊中间的是否有小花瓣的情况。</div>
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蜀葵花表达出一种毫不掩饰的随性。它花期很长,一直不断的开着,花朵很大很显眼,结出的果实也很大很显眼。人们常说空谷幽兰,不以无人而不香,实际上蜀葵在闹市,仍然自顾自的尽情开放,也是很勇敢的。它这种生命力爆发的形态又不像我大四在北大燕北园临时住所楼下的大花秋葵——那些植物顶着不协调的大花,颇有些顽固、偏执和报复性的夸张做作。蜀葵是一种传统的中国植物,据说《诗经》里有描述它的原句(恕我考证的还不是很确切),它的性格也带有中华民族的淳朴憨厚:简单的花淳朴无矫饰,一开就是一身。</div>
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当时我还怀疑这花是不是野生的。我和张游后来考证出那天见到的花的名字是蜀葵之后不久,我就去了一趟成都,入蜀之后一路都在寻找蜀葵但终无所获。而我回到南开的时候,天南街的蜀葵已经多半被铲除了。只剩下老图东侧假山顶上和天大敬业湖桥看星星和挂送毕业生标语那地方的蜀葵还开着。再过一年,天南街的蜀葵又如约开花了,使我相信它们非特意种植于此。当年花开不盛,而次年似乎恢复了大一的盛况,而我已经搬来了天大。再后来一年,就是2013年毕业季了。</div>
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前几天,木棉对虫哥说,蜀葵的花像木槿,虫哥觉得这个比方很好。当时蜀葵花正开,道旁一片华北珍珠梅的白色圆锥花序。昨天我偶然看到木槿花开,果然是蜀葵的模样,可是此时蜀葵虽然还在,华北珍珠梅正好凋谢,木棉正好在前一天离开了南开,成了校友。</div>
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写于2013年7月1日</div>
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9.小引河柳树</div>
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如果要模仿西湖、虎丘或者北京,评选一下八里台十景,则我可以推荐几个文绉绉的名字:新开映月、马蹄荷韵、二主夕照、老图听蝉、总理披雪、陈所遗踪、叶落联大、东艺雅集、南门落樱等等。另外我一定要推荐一个候选——小引金柳。</div>
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2009年9月11日,我提前一天来到八里台,入住13宿114。当日傍晚,我和一群我未来四年的同学们初次游逛校园。从13宿出发,西行过化学楼,至新图,便折反。傍晚天气清朗如洗,有微风吹拂。落日渐斜,光辉渐损,西边天际被染得金黄。一行人正缓步东向之时,我无意中回头,只见逆光中河畔垂柳,在夕阳下勾勒出自己妩媚的剪影。只因这一瞥,那天的记忆便被蒙上一层金色的滤光片。每次回忆至此,我便记起“那河畔的金柳,是夕阳里的新娘”这句。若没来过小引河,怎能实际上懂得这句诗的精妙!</div>
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小引河,和南开的很多风物一样,本非艺术,本亦不可爱。从新生物站东南角可见,小引河和津相河联通。原本津河是著名的臭水沟,近来经天津市的努力,尚有所改善。而南开人却精于经营小引河,不仅在北段营造了现已倾颓的假山(据说是中水泵站?),而且用很多植物装扮。沿河两岸,有金枝槐,有合欢,有悬铃木,以桥梁为界交替出现。更有趣的是,流经化学楼北有一小花园,种植女贞、银杏等,流经新生物站和老生物楼之间有一土丘,可见桃树、珍珠梅等。有热爱生活的本科留学生做了两块儿牌子插在土丘上,不是声明占有,而是给这个地方命名为“锦丘”。她为锦丘写的一首《蝶恋花》,我一直匆匆,没机会细读,现在录于此:</div>
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<span style="font-family: 楷体_gb2312; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">淡粉嫣红开簇簇,相映山坡,枯草晨晖绿。溪绕垂杨春满目,徘徊欲赏情难足。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 楷体_gb2312; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">滚滚红尘心自束,谁识樱花,或解骚人趣?若惜锦丘楼外独,不须更叹韶光促。</span></div>
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华北地区的水岸上多有柳树,而小引河柳树仍坚持不时的宣示其存在感。暮春飘飞的杨花柳絮,飘落河上却未见生浮萍。这段时间空气中飘满了毛茸茸的种子,分不清是杨树的还是柳树的,倒是最能惹人情思,亦擅长引发各类过敏症。穿过柳絮的季节便到了毕业生书市,曾经天大北洋广场东南角的大柳树荫蔽下,会排起来工科大学富有特色的书籍资料。</div>
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每到入冬,小引河会冰封,而柳树荫下的河面却最晚结冰。2009年冬天是这样,2010年冬天、2011年冬天和2012年冬天也是如此。这种情况我观察了四冬,也疑惑了四年。我想这个问题一定有合理的解释,只是我还没遇到。</div>
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有一次在化学楼多功能厅参加天文协会的活动,之后大家临时兴起便在化学楼下用肉眼和小双筒望远镜观星。化学楼下视野本不好,又有河岸路灯污染。而正好一株柳树遮罩了黄色的灯光,好像是故意安排的一样。</div>
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写于2013年7月7日</div>
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10. 二主楼前芦苇</div>
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2010年夏天,我第一次来到了天津市古海岸与湿地自然保护区。这个现在已经被开发成了在生态保护圈子里备受争议的七里海国家湿地公园的地方,也是我见到的第一个芦苇沼泽型湿地。我虽然是平原地区长大的,但城市的景观并无什么值得一提的;周遭的郊野也多是被道旁杨树切割开的平坦农田,偶有大片耀眼的明黄色油菜花。即便出远门,火车上看到的也无非是北面的丘陵延绵,南面的田亩井然以及西面的黄土连天。</div>
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那一天我跋涉着穿过悠长的泥泞道路,大片的芦苇突然铺展在眼前,直让我感觉猝不及防。多年以后,我见识过了其它一些更壮阔的沼泽滩涂,和更具有冲击力的芦苇地,但七里海的芦苇记忆始终没有被取代。夕阳下苇莺的翔集,晨晖中杜鹃的悲鸣,晴日里红嘴鸥骤然停驻,暴风雨前金腰燕轻盈滑翔。我拿着一只破旧的单筒望远镜整日价的在芦苇上空搜寻,却偶然在苇子的深处发现小鸊鷉一家。当年的情景,闭目可见。</div>
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很遗憾在天津的历史地图上,很少有标出南开大学区域的生态形貌的。不过大家公认的是,八里台地区曾是一片芦苇沼泽。有一种说法,八里台因为距城中八里,又是苇子地中的高台,因而得名。(这里要再提一句,“南开”这个“城南的开洼地”最初指的应该是现天津南开中学校址,饶子和老校长有一个误导性的演讲使人感觉讲的是八里台,这是不正确的。)我听到最激进的估计,这片消失的苇子地北至天大北面的现鞍山西道,南至现南翠屏公园以南,东至卫津河,西面甚至可以延伸到正在消失的侯台湿地一带。我的高中兼本科校友程树榛在其长篇小说处女作中提到了湖上泛舟的情节,也是当时水域广泛的佐证。但是随着京津地区水利设施的修建等自然人文因素,九河下梢的天津日益干涸,再加上城市建设的发展,南开的湿地一再退缩,现在只剩一些孤立的区块儿。而其中唯一的未被开发的天然湿地——侯台湿地,最近也将(或者已经?)罹难。</div>
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所以二主楼西头的水道,零星的几株芦苇就显得弥足珍贵。它们或许是被历史抹掉的望族的孑遗,如今瑟缩在水塘边。这落难的望族并没有表现出遗老气,反而显出了朴实的典雅。芦苇本身是湿生中生植物中最为朴实的。然而从化学楼泄下夕阳的照耀下,芦花摇曳伴着萝藦和椿树的幼苗,狭长的叶子优雅的伸展搅破了水面,将倒影打碎成金光粼粼,这情景虽然与极目万顷的苇塘的壮阔激荡无法比拟,但是也成为南开一角的别样景致。每次看一眼二主楼前的那几棵,便可想见湿地里芦苇长到何种态势。</div>
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如果人是会思想的苇草,我愿意成为站在二主楼前角落里的一棵,即便生命只有一两季,我也愿将它编织进南开的校史。</div>
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写于2013年10月5日</div>
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尾声:南开是一种植物</div>
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这篇并不长的文章,我是在散漫而忙碌的毕业季中写成的。这段时间我一有空闲便暗暗构思,本来开写之前我是列了提纲的,但是一边写我一边就推翻了。每次打开编辑器都会有新的灵感:化学楼前摇落一地紫穗的桑树和五教背后悄悄开放却奇巧清雅的栝楼是值得写的,电教中心拐角绽开明亮的黄色花朵的栾树和日研所与老图四围之中挣扎挺立的椿树也是值得写的,老图四楼学弟养的一盆薄荷和十三宿西头每年如约开花的山桃都是值得写的。老图东侧纷飞的种子和铺满道路的黄叶,大中路上椋鸟口中衔着的一根树枝,二主前面萝藦温柔的搭在芦苇上,西区公寓的蔷薇密密层层,化学楼下的芍药映着杨石先老校长的手迹,新开湖畔的圆叶牵牛悄悄的卷起花瓣。南开不缺少植物,南开不能缺少植物。</div>
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而南开本身也是一种植物。如果人们愿意相信地球是Gaia女神,那么他们就该相信南开是缠绕在大地之母脚踝的一株植物。南开的“生活史”完全可以类比植物:他有无限多个世代,不断交替扩张。它的基因组并不稳定,但那些本初时期表达的性状则多保守。正如植物一样,它的寿命是理论无限的,南开只是一个聚合体,其中每个独立的发育单位都保存了整个植物的生物信息,例如现在的南开人和任何时期的南开人都是血脉相通的。</div>
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在校舍罹难时大校长张伯苓说:“敌人此次轰炸南开,被毁者为南开之物质,而南开之精神,将因此挫折,而愈益奋励。”而龚克在毕业典礼上说:“什么才是大家‘南以离开’的南开?真正的南开,其实不是大楼,不是大树,甚至不是这‘一枝一叶总关情’的校园。”这里我想到了辽东古莲,千年之前的植株早已烟消云散,进入了物质循环。但是按照白书农老师的观点,古莲已死么?非也,它只是在世代交替中被雪藏了,而只要它的发育单位还在,还能携带这全部的生物信息,那么它就还活着。同样每个从南开走出来的人,都携带了南开精神的一个拷贝,只要南开人还在,南开精神还在,南开就永垂不朽。</div>
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南开这株植物,存活于精神人格层面,它的全部序列都会写进其每个细胞。因此有“公”在心,有“能”在身,不论我们在哪里,我们都没有离开。</div>
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写于2013年7月7日</div>
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构思于2013年5月18日,北京大学未名湖畔</div>
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动笔于2013年6月4日,南开大学理科图书馆外文报刊阅览室</div>
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初稿截稿于2013年7月6日,南开大学理科图书馆中文期刊阅览室</div>
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初稿发布于2013年7月7日,南开大学-天津大学联合研究大楼B602实验室</div>
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修改于2013年10月4日-5日,徐州市某院校家中</div>
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小修完成于2014年5月12日凌晨,北京大学畅春园宿舍</div>
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Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-67896393704592004392016-08-20T21:59:00.001-07:002016-08-20T21:59:14.084-07:00假如北大变成化工厂<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
2014年4月7日</div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">恐怕现在很少有北大的同学知道,直到2018年,在当时国家纳米中心和中科院过程工程研究所之间还有属于北大的一个院落,叫做技物楼。是的,即便是2018年春天在它拆除公告贴出来的时候,也很少有人知道这片距离燕园比距离清华远得多的地方。</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">技物楼拆除公告来的挺突然,当时我正因为学位论文而焦头烂额。技物楼有放射化学、核化学和高能物理等几个课题组,我因为涉及一些放射性核素标记的实验,故在那里和别人合用一间实验室。等我终于有空去搬走我在放射实验室的东西时,已是拆除公告的最后期限,第二天就要封楼了。</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">此时技物楼大院已是面目全非。院子当中的射频超导实验装置已经被拆除,新建不久的快中子增殖堆中试装置也不知道被移动到哪里去了,钴源室更是大门紧闭。真不知道学校为何突然下了这么大的决心搞这样一个大工程。我一边将最后一本实验记录本装进纸箱,一边纳闷拆除技物楼这无厘头的想法是哪个校领导拍脑袋的结果。</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">然后我就遇见了鸟师傅。鸟师傅是隔壁化学院实验室的大师兄。他博士读的时间可能是北大历史上最长的,而且已经长到无解,远远超过了研究生院规定的年限却没有被清理。然而他也不着急,大有做定了千年老博士生的感觉。不过前几天听化院同学说起鸟师傅今年竟然要和我们一批答辩,我突然感觉北大这是不是要办不下去,要关门歇业了。</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">当时鸟师傅在他实验室里摆弄计算机,我看他那里没别人,搬着纸箱没打招呼就从他背后凑了过去。看到他计算机上的东西我全身一震,这不是Aspen Plus么?我研究生从本科化工专业转行之后,已经五年没碰这软件了,其界面虽然变化很大,但我还是一眼就认出来。</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"鸟师傅,你还会玩儿这么专业的化工流程模拟啊!"我惊叹道,"哦对了,你读博之前在化工厂做实验员期间学到的吧?"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">可是鸟师傅一反常态的没啥表示,鼠标沿着一条流股一路缓缓的滑下来,却没有理我,好像在艰难的心算着什么。我以为自己打扰到他的工作了,尴尬的想退出门去。此时他突然发话了。</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"小孟啊,你学过化工应该能看懂?"他目光并没有离开屏幕的问我。</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"这是什么类型的工段啊?我可好久没碰过了,而且我本科也没接触过几个如此复杂的流程--这么复杂收敛起来会很困难啊。"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"哦,这是放射性医疗废液的渗透蒸发浓缩工艺。"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">我突然兴奋了,渗透蒸发?我大三大四的课题啊!我在本科所在的课题组是国内该领域顶尖的团队,另外清华有个膜工程中心做的也不错。</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"这我倒要看看。你知道我原先虽然搞过渗透蒸发膜材料的优化,却还没看到过真正的工业化流程。据我所知实现渗透蒸发过程工业化的生产线全世界也数量不多,而渗透蒸发用于放射性废液的处理我更是第一次听说。哦这是你老板在搞的新项目吗?会不会牵扯到保密啊?"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"昨天这些资料还都是国家机密,不过今天就已经解密了。另外这个和我导师并没有多大关系,如果我没记错的话这个工艺设计是清华刘老师他们组一个硕士生完成的。可惜我老板给毙了:我们不太愿意尝试新技术,毕竟涉及辐射,又在人员密集地区,新技术的风险太大。"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">鸟师傅一段话把我说懵了,什么"国家机密"又"解密"?什么"和导师没多大关系"又被他"老板"毙?什么"涉及辐射"又在"人员密集地区"?清华刘老师难道是我本科课题组在清华的那个竞争对手?</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">鸟师傅看出来我的疑惑,他示意我放下手中的东西,并用抹布擦干净一把满是灰尘的实验凳。我不太情愿的坐下了:我并不想长谈,我还要回去调pkuthss的模板,排我的学位论文。</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"知道我为什么回来读博?"他问。</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"没听你说起过。你原先在石化厂做实验员腻味了?"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"你记得我跟你说起过你们系陈老师的事情吧,他是我本科同学。他怂恿我来的。而且我当时在核电站做放射性核素迁移扩散的研究,其实并没去过石化企业。他有一天突然找到我说北大要筹建一个保密项目,他是里面的成员,想请我来做一些工作,于是就安排我读博了。"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"读博还能'安排'?"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"我倒是想被安排为教师,或者职工什么的,可是我老板坚持认为博士生的身份更方便掩护。"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"难道你不是真正的博士生?"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"其实,该上的课,该做的论文都是要做的,只是可以无限延期下去罢了。我导师大概知道一些实情,所以从来不会给我派活儿。"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"这么说来褚老师也不知道全部情况?但是你为啥要告诉我,如果保密的话?"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"我说了,已经解密了,明天开始,我们的装置就要弃用了。真可惜,其实设计寿命才到一半。放心吧,我从09年入学到现在,9年来你是项目以外第一个知道我身份的。"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"我并不知道啊,你究竟是干什么的?"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"我是北京大学放射性医学废弃物无害化工厂的工程师,哦,前工程师。现在连工厂都不复存在了,附近一所高校的新工厂已经通过了试车验收,上周就达到稳态操作了。"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"我没有听说过这个工厂。它在哪里啊?"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"你记得你研一那年,学校到处都在挖洞吗?"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">确实有些印象,当时电缆改造、综合服务大楼建设项目、金太阳学生(活动)中心建设、勺园宿舍装修等等,校园到处都封路了,但是这和化工厂有啥关系?</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"你记得2013年有人在静园用洛阳铲勘探么?"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"这我印象很深,整个静园草坪打得都是洞,很讨厌。"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"静园地下就是循环浓缩车间,静园五、六院有几间房子存放的设备,就在原来中文系那块儿。综合服务中心,它的地下是公用工程车间的冷冻工段,有很长一段时间小西门书市都暂停,那里的施工就是将车间的公用工程与市政供水供暖连接。"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"停一下!鸟师傅,你说这个放射性废料工厂就在……燕园里面?!"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"是放射性医学废弃物无害化工厂,不是放射性废料工厂。是的,放在北大的地下确实很离谱,但是没有别的方法。那几年建个普通的垃圾焚烧站都会引起市民的恐慌,何况这么吓人的工厂?况且我们的工厂技术密集,化学学院有十多个课题组都有人参与,物理学院、医学部、清华化工系、机械系也都有不少人在里面,对了,还有你们工学院的几个老师。放在这里不仅维护容易,而且供水、供电、蒸汽等都还算方便,偶然有严重事故,还可以利用镜春园、朗润园的水体稀释影响。在这个工程建成之前,校园北部都没水很多年了,我们又专门蓄上的,作为最后一道安全屏障。这也是环评专家要求我们增添的工程。"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">竟然还有环评,我心中暗想。</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"当初建设工厂非常纠结,因为要保密,只好采取各种借口。最极端的一次,是北京市规划了一条穿过仪器设备一号楼的地铁。这个一号楼正是我们工程的地面配套项目,恰好老校医院搬走了,就留给我们安放无法进入地下的设备了。所以一号楼地下其实是有很大空间的。北京市规划地铁之后,校长非常纠结,又要避免地铁通过校园,又不能泄露原因。"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"所以我们就在这个工厂的地上生活了这么久?你们骗过了几万人?"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"或许已经有人知道了,我们还是有些无法隐蔽的装置的。你在工学院大院的实验室,就是原来风洞那个背后,你都没有注意到它窗外那个精馏塔的塔顶冷凝器?"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"啊?有一个换热器一样的东西,但是就在地面上,怎么可能是塔顶冷凝器呢?莫非塔体在地下?"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">我终于相信了鸟师傅。</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"是这样。金太阳中心建造的时候,施工方在不知情的情况下采用了简便的盾构方式,使得一部分地下空间暴露,差点儿没泄露机密。后来心理咨询中心起了一场火,那其实是一个反应釜加错了料,而爆破片、减压阀又同时失效了,造成内部压强过高引发爆炸和火灾。这就是工厂发生的最严重的一次事故了,甚至惊动了环保部。不过以后不会再有机会出现事故了,项目结束了,技物楼要拆了。"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">鸟师傅一边说着,一边关机。</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">"1956年4月,技物楼建成时留下的秘密隧道本来是为了备战,而今天它的拆除则标志着一个属于北大的时代的终结。在2013年11月,以技物楼战略隧道为基础,我们秘密修建了人类历史上空前的地下过程工业基地。2014年6月19日,工厂正式建成。至2018年4月27日关停之前,处理了来自北京及周边各大医院、高校和科研院所的大量放射性废液,为首都的安全和清洁做出了卓著的贡献。由于技术换代,这座工厂将尘封于北京大学地下。但愿北大的同学能够记住无名建设者们的贡献。"</span><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, verdana, stheiti, simsun, sans-serif; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">鸟师傅说完这段话,提起计算机便走出门去。我赶忙抱起纸箱跟上,最后一次迈出实验室的大门。</span></div>
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Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-61217018724067724392016-08-20T21:58:00.002-07:002016-08-20T21:58:15.544-07:00文献速览:受茶叶、巧克力和葡萄酒启发的聚合物涂层<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: stheiti, "microsoft yahei", 宋体, arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
2013年8月26日</div>
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这是西北大学生物医学工程的大牛Messersmith上周四发表在Angew上的一篇有趣的文章,题目哗众取宠的叫做“Colorless Multifunctional Coatings Inspired by Polyphenols Found in Tea, Chocolate, and Wine”。Messersmith(他的课题组主页刚刚改版,戳<a href="http://rrurl.cn/0Mxdr2" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">这里</a>)对一类多酚化合物非常感兴趣,并且在这个方面的工作灌了好几篇Nature和Science。从其研究轨迹可以看出Messersmith研究起多酚类化合物是源于对贻贝足丝蛋白的结构分析,发现这种天然的强效粘合材料的组成部分包括很多多巴类分子的特点。</div>
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Messersmith研究多聚合物包覆很多年了,一开始他是利用多巴胺(就是那个神经递质分子)在碱性条件下自聚合,利用其超强的生物粘着性对于各种基底实现有效的包覆。我曾经在天津遥控天大精仪毕业的一位师姐在北京尝试过聚多巴胺包覆,虽然那个材料没有包覆成功,但是据说在烧杯上却沉积了一层棕褐色的聚多巴胺薄膜(<img alt="囧-窘迫" border="0" class="mceItem emotion" src="http://s.xnimg.cn//imgpro/emotions/tie/8.gif?ver=1" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-width: 690px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle; word-wrap: break-word;" />)。当年Messersmith在Science上发表这个工作的时候,故弄玄虚的起了一个“Mussel Power”的名字,意为贻贝的力量。原文戳<a href="http://rrurl.cn/q3UFph" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">这里</a>。注意多巴胺的结构中的邻二酚结构。</div>
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(自wikipedea:<a href="http://rrurl.cn/0Plx9A" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dopamine2.svg</a>)</div>
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多酚类化合物在自然界中非常常见,比如葡萄酒里面的一种非常重要且含量较高的有效成分单宁就是(参加过去年数学建模国赛的同学一定对这个名字记忆犹新)。此外巧克力和茶叶也有大量的多酚类化合物,传说它们口感中苦涩的部分就有这类化合物的贡献。</div>
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文章中他们提到一个很有意思的实验,见上图中的子图C。他们用光洁的茶具和白色的茶袋(左)泡了一杯茶,然后泡过茶的茶杯和茶袋(中)似乎并没有发生任何变化。但实际上多酚类物质已经在上面沉积了一层透明的薄膜,只是你们人类看不到而已。只要用硝酸银处理一下(右),就可以看到有不少银被还原出来沉积在茶杯内部和茶袋上(土豪放下那瓶硝酸银!)。这层银其实是富含还原性基团的透明多酚类物质聚合薄膜所还原出来的。子图D表面红酒也有类似的效应。</div>
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这一提醒两点,1.即使你是土豪,也不要在实验室以外重复此类实验,尤其不能把生活用品和试剂接触;2.这并不是一个严格的实验,只是“生物启发”,所以不必要攻击他的实验设计。</div>
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于是受到这种现象的启发,Messersmith开发了一种方法,用上图上的ECG、<span style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">EGCG(都是茶叶中的活性成分)TA和PG分子在缓冲溶液中对多种基底(PC、二氧化钛、不锈钢、聚四氟乙烯)进行包覆,取得了不错的结果。</span></div>
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但是,仅仅如此是不够灌一篇Angew的。他们又做了一些应用上的研究,想法之精彩,令人发指。主要有三大应用:抗生物污染、清除活性氧(ROS)、制备核-壳材料。</div>
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抗生物污染方面,由于多酚类物质在生物防御上具有重要作用,聚多酚透明膜也显示出了对gram阴阳性细菌都很不错的抗菌性。更重要的是,这种涂层不影响哺乳动物细胞的活性。</div>
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清除自由基方面,众所周知葡萄酒可以清除自由基,很大程度上归功于多酚类物质(其实这个观点一直有人怀疑,参考文献不方便找了)。聚多酚的薄膜以及涂覆聚多酚的硅纳米粒子也表现出对于细胞产生ROS的一定抑制作用,从而可以用作生物植入材料的表面修饰,以控制炎症反应。</div>
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最后也是最重要的,这个涂层可以用在核壳纳米粒子的制备上。这个工作,虽然创造性意义较低,但是非常漂亮。</div>
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我们知道(我不知道你知道不知道,反正我知道)金纳米棒具有表面等离子体基元共振现象,这种能量传递表现出来的就是特殊的吸光特性,从而导致特征性的颜色。调节金纳米棒的长径比等几何参数可以改变吸收特性,造成吸光特性的变化。具体详情请参考我本科毕业论文相关章节。表面等离子体基元共振在生物医学中有很多应用,包括诊断检测和治疗。</div>
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这一次,<span style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">他们不仅制备了金纳米棒,而且在上面</span><span style="line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">包裹里一层银。根据银的厚度不同,表面等离子体基元共振所呈现的特征吸收谱也发生了变化,从而使颜色出现变化。上面的子图A是不同厚度银包金纳米棒的元素分布:紫色为金,绿色为银。子图B是不同厚度的银包裹的金纳米棒的颜色,可以看出,其最大吸收(实际上金纳米棒有两个吸收峰)是蓝移的。最后子图C是这些纳米棒的吸收光谱,显得格外高端。</span></div>
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那么这些银包金纳米棒是如何制备的呢?姑且留作习题吧,提示:使茶杯上涂层显色的那个是什么土豪反应?</div>
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最后,近来对于聚多酚类表面改性与生物粘合的工作越来越多,所延伸的领域也非常广泛,比如承担分子科学与工程专业《化工传质与分离(双语)》必修课的<a href="http://rrurl.cn/0SNap0" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">姜忠义</a>老师课题组就对多巴胺以及类似的多酚类分子很感兴趣,发表了很多相关的高水平论文,将Messersmith等人的仿生思想与策略同材料科学新技术相结合,发展工业生产中<a href="http://rrurl.cn/2091rM" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">酶催化技术</a>、<a href="http://rrurl.cn/7nl58N" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">纳滤分离技术</a>和<a href="http://rrurl.cn/e60ui0" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">渗透蒸发分离技术</a>等领域。</div>
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<a href="http://rrurl.cn/j69tv6" style="color: #336699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201304922/abstract</a></div>
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Sileika, T. S., Barrett, D. G., Zhang, R., Lau, K. H. A. and Messersmith, P. B. (2013), Colorless Multifunctional Coatings Inspired by Polyphenols Found in Tea, Chocolate, and Wine . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.. doi: 10.1002/anie.201304922</div>
Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3945683982370292742.post-32707155980584064632016-08-20T21:56:00.002-07:002016-08-20T21:56:58.392-07:00咖啡圈效应及其他<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
来自我的知乎回答:</div>
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<a href="http://www.zhihu.com/question/26712804/answer/33784505" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">http://www.zhihu.com/question/26712804/answer/33784505</a></div>
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原问题:水滴的痕迹为什么外圈脏中间干净,说明表面脏吗?</div>
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<a href="http://www.zhihu.com/question/26712804" style="color: #006699; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">http://www.zhihu.com/question/26712804</a></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">可惜您发现的太晚了……</span></div>
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<a class=" wrap external" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v389/n6653/abs/389827a0.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #225599; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Capillary flow as the cause of ring stains from dried liquid drops : Abstract : Nature<em class="icon-external" style="background-image: url("http://static.zhihu.com/static/img/sprites-1.9.2.png"); background-position: 0px -204px; background-repeat: no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 7px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px; width: 7px; word-wrap: break-word;"></em></a><br />
<br style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">--------11.23补充---------</span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">谢各位抬爱。这其实是一个知乎社区中比较反感的抖机灵的答案。我解释一下这样回答的动机吧。</span><br />
<br style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">我有些材料科学方面的研究兴趣,因此对材料科学里一些有趣的小现象比较关注。这些小现象其实也都和咖啡圈一样来自于生活的细节,但是他们已经或至少将会深刻的影响材料科学以及超越纯粹科学的先进技术,有的甚至已经影响到了我们的生活。</span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">被无数次提及的是荷叶效应。化学所和北航的,被我誉为国内化学界两大逗比之一(另一个是贵州大学的聚合物物理学家郑强)的江雷院士一直在这方面(超疏水)引领表面科学和界面技术的国际潮流。他开发的基于荷叶自洁效应的涂料已经应用于国家大剧院的玻璃等。不过据我观察,大剧院还时不时需要保洁人员爬上去清洗。</span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">江雷虽然人比较逗比,他的science还是很发人深省的,他非常善于挖掘这种有趣的小东西,用 </span><a class="member_mention" data-editable="true" data-hash="cb2f03145ddb645c4303b99843cdddcd" data-tip="p$b$cb2f03145ddb645c4303b99843cdddcd" data-title="@金晨羽" href="http://www.zhihu.com/people/cb2f03145ddb645c4303b99843cdddcd" style="color: #225599; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">@金晨羽</a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"> 网红姐姐的说法是“it's not trivial”!比如说他曾经去清华偷荷叶,并设计了一个装置抽取茎的纤维做电纺丝,获得了一种性能良好的结构材料(</span><a class=" wrap external" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201310656/abstract" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #225599; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Bioinspired Green Composite Lotus Fibers<em class="icon-external" style="background-image: url("http://static.zhihu.com/static/img/sprites-1.9.2.png"); background-position: 0px -204px; background-repeat: no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 7px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px; width: 7px; word-wrap: break-word;"></em></a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">)。在科研的哲学上,他和王中林等人都是“脑洞派”的代表。这种脑洞派是我最喜欢的一个流派。</span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">脑洞派往往从一个小的现象或者发现出发,设计出匪夷所思的实验,展示其背后深刻的物理内涵,或展现简单效应的精巧应用,令人震惊。请允许我在这里再举两个例子:长春应化所的研究人员把普通的嘧胺海绵利用两种简单的分子加以改性,获得了防火的吸油海绵,可用于海上油污的回收(</span><a class=" wrap external" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201400775/abstract" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #225599; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">A Superhydrophobic Sponge with Excellent Absorbency and Flame Retardancy<em class="icon-external" style="background-image: url("http://static.zhihu.com/static/img/sprites-1.9.2.png"); background-position: 0px -204px; background-repeat: no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 7px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px; width: 7px; word-wrap: break-word;"></em></a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">)。而王中林院士的工作就更是脑洞大开,刚刚发表没多久的一个工作是通过他的摩擦生电材料,利用水能来实现水分解(</span><a class=" wrap external" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201404071/abstract" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #225599; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Self-Powered Water Splitting Using Flowing Kinetic Energy<em class="icon-external" style="background-image: url("http://static.zhihu.com/static/img/sprites-1.9.2.png"); background-position: 0px -204px; background-repeat: no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 7px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px; width: 7px; word-wrap: break-word;"></em></a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">)。通过上面俩例子,我想展示的就是脑洞派的脑洞到底有多大。</span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">我对题主的这一发现不是嘲讽而是真诚的鼓励。脑洞派认为,生活中处处有文章(paper),一个看似trivial的现象,深究下去说不定就是一篇Nature。我从小就有相关的生活经验,但是我从来没有去深究。题主来知乎提问就说明很有insight。</span><br />
<br style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">说起来coffee ring effect(CRE)。我在知乎上不太回答问题,这个问题倒是一下子吸引我了。CRE我很早就听说过,但是没有太注意。最近一段时间,我至少看到了三篇相关的文章,所以看到这个提问才有些敏感:又是coffee ring!</span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">谈到CRE必引用的一篇文献就是1997年这篇Nature(</span><a class=" wrap external" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v389/n6653/full/389827a0.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #225599; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Capillary flow as the cause of ring stains from dried liquid drops<em class="icon-external" style="background-image: url("http://static.zhihu.com/static/img/sprites-1.9.2.png"); background-position: 0px -204px; background-repeat: no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 7px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px; width: 7px; word-wrap: break-word;"></em></a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">),但是说这个现象是这篇文章首先提出的似乎不太合适。因为前人已经对类似的现象进行了描述(有人认为这篇似乎是讲自组装的Nature也属于此类</span><a class=" wrap external" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361026a0.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #225599; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Two-dimensional crystallization<em class="icon-external" style="background-image: url("http://static.zhihu.com/static/img/sprites-1.9.2.png"); background-position: 0px -204px; background-repeat: no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 7px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px; width: 7px; word-wrap: break-word;"></em></a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">)。但无论如何,这也是CRE被人类认识以及利用的里程碑文章。本文的写作非常流畅,充满诗意,我很喜欢。本文首先分析了这个现象并抽象出物理模型,接着用简洁的物理工具对其进行解释和推论,最后用模型体系进行实验验证。他们的理论大意如图1所示。这个图很漂亮不需要解释什么,只要看那个楔形部位就会顺理成章的想到毛细作用。这篇文章对CRE的解释就是毛细流。关于这个解释也有人有不同意见,我不很了解,就不介绍了。</span><br />
<img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/album/201411/30/112130os1erwssrpzsifei.gif" style="margin: 0px; max-width: 620px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">图 1. Deegan等人对coffee ring effect的解释,引自</span><a class=" wrap external" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v389/n6653/full/389827a0.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #225599; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">nature.com 的页面</a><a class=" wrap external" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v389/n6653/full/389827a0.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #225599; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><em class="icon-external" style="background-image: url("http://static.zhihu.com/static/img/sprites-1.9.2.png"); background-position: 0px -204px; background-repeat: no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 7px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px; width: 7px; word-wrap: break-word;"></em></a><br />
<br style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">CRE的第二个里程碑事件是Nature 2011年的一个封面文章(图2,谁能告诉我怎么找到更清晰的版本)。</span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/album/201411/30/112150vjl5vjgh6gn5nf6g.jpg" style="margin: 0px; max-width: 620px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">图 2. Nature Vol 476 No. 7360 封面</span></div>
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<br style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">这篇文章(</span><a class=" wrap external" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v515/n7526/full/515166b.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #225599; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Suppression of the coffee-ring effect by shape-dependent capillary interactions<em class="icon-external" style="background-image: url("http://static.zhihu.com/static/img/sprites-1.9.2.png"); background-position: 0px -204px; background-repeat: no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 7px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px; width: 7px; word-wrap: break-word;"></em></a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">)讨论的就不是CRE本身,而是如何抑制这一效应。他们的结果非常惊人,仅仅是把粒子由球状换成了椭球状,CRE就能被充分的抑制。这里我再放一张文章的原图,是想再次说明:好的图表是不需要解释,不言自明的。</span><br />
<img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/album/201411/30/112209kiytp1swttst5vp9.jpg" height="728" style="float: none; margin: 0px; max-width: 620px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" width="600" /><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">图 3. Yunker等人利用各向异性颗粒抑制CRE,引自</span><a class=" wrap external" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7360/full/nature10344.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #225599; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">nature.com 的页面</a><a class=" wrap external" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7360/full/nature10344.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #225599; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><em class="icon-external" style="background-image: url("http://static.zhihu.com/static/img/sprites-1.9.2.png"); background-position: 0px -204px; background-repeat: no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 7px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px; width: 7px; word-wrap: break-word;"></em></a><br />
<br style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">简单的说一下,图 3a、b是不同颗粒(右上插入图)在液滴挥发后的现象,可以观察到长短轴比为1的球形粒子明显具有CRE而长短轴比为3.5的椭球形粒子则均布在液滴覆盖的面上。图 3c则和图 1说的是同样的事情。图3 d展示了不同长短轴比的粒子在不同径向距离上的分布密度,而图3 e则展示了最大密度与最小密度比值随着长短轴比的变化规律。</span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">他们的解释是各向异性颗粒产生了一种长程相互作用使其聚集。文章后续还进行了一些深入的研究,科学网的这篇报道(</span><a class=" wrap external" href="http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlpaper/201192959072719114.shtm" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #225599; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">科学网—科学家揭开“咖啡环效应”之谜<em class="icon-external" style="background-image: url("http://static.zhihu.com/static/img/sprites-1.9.2.png"); background-position: 0px -204px; background-repeat: no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 7px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px; width: 7px; word-wrap: break-word;"></em></a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">)讲的很不错,但是还有很多细节没交代。最后再引用两个文中的视频,直观感受CRE的产生过程:</span><br />
<a class=" external" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7360/extref/nature10344-s2.mov" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #225599; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span class="invisible" style="border: 0px; color: transparent; float: none; font-family: "a"; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none; word-wrap: break-word;">http://www.</span><span class="visible" style="float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">nature.com/nature/journ</span><span class="invisible" style="border: 0px; color: transparent; float: none; font-family: "a"; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none; word-wrap: break-word;">al/v476/n7360/extref/nature10344-s2.mov</span><span class="ellipsis" style="float: none; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; word-wrap: normal;"></span><em class="icon-external" style="background-image: url("http://static.zhihu.com/static/img/sprites-1.9.2.png"); background-position: 0px -204px; background-repeat: no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 7px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px; width: 7px; word-wrap: break-word;"></em></a><br />
<a class=" external" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7360/extref/nature10344-s3.mov" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #225599; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span class="invisible" style="border: 0px; color: transparent; float: none; font-family: "a"; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none; word-wrap: break-word;">http://www.</span><span class="visible" style="float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">nature.com/nature/journ</span><span class="invisible" style="border: 0px; color: transparent; float: none; font-family: "a"; font-size: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-shadow: none; word-wrap: break-word;">al/v476/n7360/extref/nature10344-s3.mov</span><span class="ellipsis" style="float: none; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; word-wrap: normal;"></span><em class="icon-external" style="background-image: url("http://static.zhihu.com/static/img/sprites-1.9.2.png"); background-position: 0px -204px; background-repeat: no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 7px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px; width: 7px; word-wrap: break-word;"></em></a><br />
<br style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">写到这里,我想反思一下CRE为何如此重要。我认为大概有这样几条:</span></div>
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<li style="list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
常见而特殊。每个人注意到这个现象的时候都会思考一下为什么,但是很少有人想到毛细流,而想到其他的解释(所谓Marangoni流之类的)就更不容易。这么正常而又反常的现象,明显会有很大的作用!</div>
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普适性。从小分子到微米粒子的尺度范围,各种不同的液相、悬浮物和基底都保守的出现这一现象。</div>
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<li style="list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
具有理论深度。这不仅是一种经典的传递现象(transport phenomenon),更隐含着自组装(自组织)的因素。</div>
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可调控。粒子形貌不同,得到的结果也不同。加入表面活性剂也会有奇怪的现象出现。</div>
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<li style="list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
具有实践意义。试想在一个固体基底上,液相不断挥发,沉积下另一种粉末的过程,在自然界和人类活动中都是非常常见的。喷墨打印机就是这样的啊。</div>
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<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<br style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">再说我最近看到的三篇文章,两个工作。</span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">当我第一次看到</span><a class=" wrap external" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201406903/abstract" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #225599; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Dynamic Photocontrol of the Coffee-Ring Effect with Optically Tunable Particle Stickiness<em class="icon-external" style="background-image: url("http://static.zhihu.com/static/img/sprites-1.9.2.png"); background-position: 0px -204px; background-repeat: no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 7px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px; width: 7px; word-wrap: break-word;"></em></a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"> 这篇文章的时候,我想这就是yet another CRE的文章,就没读。而上上周Nature写了一个新闻让我对此有些感兴趣(</span><a class=" wrap external" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v515/n7526/full/515166b.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #225599; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Controlling Coffee Ring Effect<em class="icon-external" style="background-image: url("http://static.zhihu.com/static/img/sprites-1.9.2.png"); background-position: 0px -204px; background-repeat: no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 7px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px; width: 7px; word-wrap: break-word;"></em></a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">)。毕竟Nature是一个生命科学期刊,化学的文章并不多。</span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">这个巴黎高师的工作也是意图去抑制CRE,从而将纳米颗粒在板子上沉积出圆形”像素“,实现”印刷“。他们的体系包括一种带负电的纳米粒子,和一种光活性的,带正电的表面活性剂。在紫外光的照射下,表面活性剂分子发生构象变化,可以使纳米粒子粘连在一起,效果如同上一个工作中使用的各向异性颗粒一样,粒子间相互作用增强,不会产生CRE。如果不加光照,则会产生CRE。利用这一体系,他们在平板上印出的自己学校的简称。</span><br />
<img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/album/201411/30/112229rklllpxpaysyxabv.gif" style="margin: 0px; max-width: 620px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">图 4. Anyfantakis等人利用粘性纳米粒子抑制CRE的工作,引自</span><a class=" wrap external" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201406903/full" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #225599; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Dynamic Photocontrol of the Coffee-Ring Effect with Optically Tunable Particle Stickiness</a><a class=" wrap external" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201406903/full" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #225599; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><em class="icon-external" style="background-image: url("http://static.zhihu.com/static/img/sprites-1.9.2.png"); background-position: 0px -204px; background-repeat: no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 7px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px; width: 7px; word-wrap: break-word;"></em></a><br />
<br style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">最后一个工作是唐本忠院士(话说我以前的印象是唐先生在华理,现在是个什么情况……)的在德国应用化学上的文章(</span><a class=" wrap external" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201408757/full" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #225599; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">An Aggregation-Induced-Emission Platform for Direct Visualization of Interfacial Dynamic Self-Assembly<em class="icon-external" style="background-image: url("http://static.zhihu.com/static/img/sprites-1.9.2.png"); background-position: 0px -204px; background-repeat: no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 7px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px; width: 7px; word-wrap: break-word;"></em></a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">),依然是他的拿手好戏聚集诱导荧光(aggregation induced emission,AIE)。他们的工作并不是研究CRE本身,而是利用AIE的探针去做CRE过程的可视化。</span><br />
<br style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;" />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">我开头的时候说过,我对材料科学中一些有趣的小现象比较关注。最后再大概总结一下有哪些类似的东西:</span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.1px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.8em 0px 0.8em 2em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
<li style="list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
Coffee ring effect</div>
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<li style="list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
Cheerios effect,麦片效应(为啥Google出来的都是“同性恋家庭……”)。就是浮在水面上的物体相互接近的效应。YouTube上有相关的视频可以去看看。我之前在天津一中的科技节上给中学生展示过,很有趣。</div>
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<li style="list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
Lotus effect,莲花效应。关键词:自洁;超疏水;微结构;水黾。我觉得这是江雷院士庞大学术体系的基石。</div>
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<li style="list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
壁虎脚的原理。对于研究步态(gaiting)、再生医学的人来说,壁虎都是良好的模型动物,而纳米科学家特别关注其多褶皱的脚底,研究它们为啥能紧贴墙壁。</div>
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<li style="list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><div style="margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
Petal effect,花瓣效应。这是江雷院士和二校的一些人于2008年在一篇Lagmuir首先提出的(<a class=" wrap external" href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/la703821h" rel="nofollow noreferrer" style="color: #225599; margin: 0px 4px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">Petal Effect: A Superhydrophobic State with High Adhesive Force<em class="icon-external" style="background-image: url("http://static.zhihu.com/static/img/sprites-1.9.2.png"); background-position: 0px -204px; background-repeat: no-repeat; display: inline-block; height: 7px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0px; width: 7px; word-wrap: break-word;"></em></a>)。大意是又疏水又有粘性,像是粘在花瓣上的水。</div>
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<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, SimSun, sans-serif, Hei; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; margin-bottom: 1.12em; margin-top: 1.12em; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;">
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Meng Xiangxihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11231519486871491858noreply@blogger.com0